C10- Classification and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Species definition

A

A group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

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2
Q

Why classify organisms

A

To establish evolutionary links

Identify (new) species

Sharing research across the world (using the same ‘language’)

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3
Q

Linnaen system- descirbe

A

Carl Linnaeus grouped organisms together, based on their observable structure and characteristics.

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4
Q

Linnean system- names of categories

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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5
Q

What happens as you descend the levels of classification

A

The organisms at that level have more in common so the groups get smaller.

They are more closely related.

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6
Q

Binomial nomenclature

(Binomial naming)

A

Genus species

By convention the Genus (first part of the name) has a capital letter.

The name is written either in italics or underlined.

e.g. Homo sapien

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7
Q

Autotrophic

define

A

organisms get their nutrition from photosynthesis

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8
Q

Heterotrophic

define

A

Organisms get their nutrition from ingesting other organisms

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9
Q

Saprotrophic / saprophytic

define

A

Organisms that get their nutrition by extracellular digestion and absorption of soluble molecules (usually from decaying organic matter)

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10
Q

5 kingdoms

name

A

Prokaryotae (bacteria)
Protoctista (unicellular eukaryotes)
Fungi (yeasts, moulds, mushrooms)
Plantae (plants)
Animalia (animals)

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11
Q

Who proposed the 5 kingdom system

A

Proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969

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12
Q

How to classify organisms into the 5 kingdom system

A

observable characteristics

Unicellular or multicellular (or both?)
The nature of their genetic material
Ability to move
How they obtain nutrients

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13
Q

Motility

Define

A

the ability to contract muscles to enable movement

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14
Q

Prokaryotes

Characteristics

A

unicellular
no membrane-bound nucleus
loop of naked circular DNA (no histones)
no chromosomes
no membrane bound organelles
the cell wall of bacteria contains peptidoglycan, composed of sugars and amino acids. Archaea cell walls do not contain this.
Smaller ribosomes (70s)
Reproduce mainly by binary fission (splitting in half), but some can reproduce sexually.

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15
Q

3 most common shapes of prokaryotes

A

Helix

Sphere

Rod

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16
Q

Protoctista

7

kingdom

A

sometimes called protists.
eukaryotic and unicellular
commonly found in water.
organisms show characteristics of both plants and animals.
Include the algae, seaweeds, amoeba, plasmodium (malaria parasite).
Some are autotrophic and some have heterotrophic nutrition.
They are mobile due to either flagella, cilia, or pseudopods (“false feet”).

17
Q

Plantae

7

kingdom

A

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Cells surrounded by a cellulose cell wall.
Large vacuole in mature cells.
Store energy as starch
Have chlorophyll and chloroplasts.
Mostly autotrophic by photosynthesis.

18
Q

Fungi

12

kingdom

A

Eukaryotic (nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
No chlorophyll – do not photosynthesise
Single celled (yeasts) and multicellular (filamentous - macroscopic)
Body is a mycelium that consists of hyphae.
Cell walls made of chitin
Cytoplasm multinucleate in the filamentous fungi.
Mostly free-living and saprophytic.
Extra-cellular digestion - secreting enzymes onto organic matter and absorbing soluble products.
Reproduce asexually by release of spores.
Also able to reproduce sexually as well if needed
Store glycogen as an energy source

19
Q

Animalia

6

kingdom

A

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic nutrition
Have muscles and nervous systems – in order to search for, locate and digest food.
Most have a gut.
Glycogen is stored energy source