C10

Question 1

What are ceramics and examples?

Answer 1

Ceramics are non-metal solids with high melting points that arent made from carbon-based compounds.
-Clay
-Glass

Question 2

How are clay ceramics made?

Answer 2

Clay ceramics are made by shaping wet clay and heating in a furnace.

Question 3

What makes clay ceramic ideal for pottery and bricks?

Answer 3

Ability to be moulded when wet and harded.

Question 4

How is glass made?

Answer 4

By heating a mixture of sand,sodium carbonate and limetsone. The molten liquid then cools and solidifies.

Question 5

What is most of the glass we use called and whats it used for?

Answer 5

Sode-lime glass- window paines,glass jars and bottles.

Question 6

What is borosilicate glass made from and whats it used for?

Answer 6

Borosilicate glass-made from sand and boron trioxide.
Baking and laboratory.

Question 7

What has a higher melting point borosilicate glass or soda lime glass and why is that better suited to its function?

Answer 7

Borosilicate has a higher melting point than soda-lime glass which makes it better suited to its function where high temps are used.

Question 8

What do the properties of polymers depend on?

Answer 8

What monomers they are made from and which conditions they are made in.

Question 9

How are low dentisty and high density poly(ethene) both produced from ethene?

Answer 9

Low density poly(ethene) is made from ethene at a moderate temperature under a high pressure.
High density poly(ethene) is made from ethene but at a lower temperature and pressure with a catalyst.

Question 10

Uses of low and high density poly(ethene)?

Answer 10

Low- flexible so used for bags and bottles
High-more rigid so used for water tanks and drainpipes.

Question 11

What is the difference between thermosoftening and thermosetting polymers?

Answer 11

Polymer chains in thermosetting plastics are held together by strong crosslinks these plastics can withstand higher temps and dont melt when heated (high melting points).

Thermosoftening have weaker forces between the chains and can be melted and remoulded.

Question 12

What are composites made of?

Answer 12

Two materials, a matrix surrounding and binding together fibres or fragments of the other material (reinforcment).

Question 13

Examples of composities?

Answer 13

-Wood
-Concrete
-Fibreglass
-Carbon fibre

Question 14

What does fibreglass consist of,properties and uses?

Answer 14

Fibres of glass embedded in a matrix made of polymer (plastic).
It has a low density (like plastic) but is very strong (like glass).
Used for skis,boats and surfboards.

Question 15

What does carbon fibre composites consist of,properties and uses?

Answer 15

Also have a polymer matrix.
The reinforcements either made from long chains of carbon atoms bonded together (carbon fibres) or from carbon nanotubes.
Very strong and light- used in aersopsace and sports car manafacturing.

Question 16

What is concrete made from,property and use?

Answer 16

Concrete is made from sand and gravel embedded in cement.
Very strong- used as building material.

Question 17

What is wood a composite of?

Answer 17

Wood is a composite of cellulose fibres held together by an organic polymer matrix.

Question 18

Properties of ceramics?

Answer 18

Glass and Clay ceramics (porcelain and bricks). Theyre insulators of heat and electricity,brittle (break easily) and stiff

Question 19

Properties of polymers and uses?

Answer 19

Polymers are insulators of heat and electricity and are flexible (bent without breaking) and are easily molded.
Clothing and insulators in electrical appliances.

Question 20

Properties of metals and uses?

Answer 20

Metals are malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity,shiny and stiff.
Electrical wire, car body-work and cutlery.

Question 21

What are most metals in everyday use?

Answer 21

Alloys

Question 22

What is bronze an alloy of and uses?

Answer 22

Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Uses-coins,medals,statues

Question 23

What is brass an alloy of + uses?

Answer 23

Copper and zinc.
Uses- locks,taps, door knobs

Question 24

What is gold an alloy of and uses?

Answer 24

Gold alloy of silver,copper and zinc.
Used in jewellery.Proportion of gold measured in carats. 24 caract=100% pure gold
18 carat = 75% gold

Question 25

Aluminium alloys properties and uses

Answer 25

Low density
Used to make aircraft

Question 26

What is steel an alloy of?

Answer 26

Steels are alloys of iron that contain specific amounts of carbon and other metals.

Question 27

What is high carbon steel and properties + uses?

Answer 27

High carbon steel contains a high propotion of carbon.
Strong and brittle (break easily) and used in construction industry.

Question 28

What is low carbon steel,properties and uses?

Answer 28

Low-carbon steel has a low proportion of carbon.
Softer and more easily shaped.
Used for making car bodies.

Question 29

What is Stainless steel, properties and uses?

Answer 29

Stainless steel is made up of iron but but also chromium and nickel.
Corrosion-resistant and hard
Used for cutlery.

Question 30

What is corrosion?

Answer 30

Corrosion is the destruction of materials by chemical reactions with substances in the environment.

Question 31

What is rusting an example of and what is necessary forr iron to rust?

Answer 31

Rusting is an example of corrosion. Both air (oxygen) and water are necessary for iron to rust.

Question 32

How can corrosion be prevented?

Answer 32

Applying a coating that acts as a barrier- greasing, painting or electrplating(reduction by electrolysis).
Aluminium has an oxide coating that protects the metal from further corrosion.

Question 33

What is sacrifical protection?

Answer 33

Putting a more reactive metal (zinc or magnesium) with the iron. Water and oxygen then react with the sacrifical metal instead of the iron.

Question 34

What is galvanising?

Answer 34

An object can be galvanised by spraying it with a coating of zinc. The zinc layer if proective firstly but if its scratched the zinc around the site of the sracth works as a sacrifical metal.

Question 35

Experiment to show that both oxygen and water are needed for iron to rust?

Answer 35

Putting an iron nail in a boiling tube with just water, wont rust.( water is boiled to remove oxygen and oil is used to stop air gettin in).
If you put an iron nail in a boiling tube with just air, it wont rust (calcium chloride can be used to absorb any water from the air).
Putting an iron nail in a boiling tube with oxygen and water will make it rust.

Question 36

Where are natural resources from what can they be replaced by +example?

Answer 36

Earth,sea, air-processed to provide energy and materials- warmth,shelter,food and transport
Can be replaced by synthetic products or improved by man made processes.
Rubber (natural product- can be extracted from a tree) however man-made polymers can now replace rubber in tyres.

Question 37

What do natural resouces supplemented by agriculture provide?

Answer 37

food,timber and clothing
fertilisers development-produce high yield of crops

Question 38

Examples of finite resources

Answer 38

Fossil fuels,nuclear fuels(uranium,plutonium).
Minerals and metals found in ores

Question 39

What is sustainable development?

Answer 39

Development which meets the need of current generations without comporomising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.