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Chemistry > C1 Topic 1 & 2 > Flashcards

C1 Topic 1 & 2 Flashcards

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0
Q

Early atmosphere made up of

A

CO2, virtually no O2

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1
Q

How did levels of CO2 go down?

A

Dissolved in oceans
Photosynthesis
marine organisms, carbonate rocks

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2
Q

Volcanoes in the early atmosphere did what

A

Gave out gases
CO2
water vapour - Condensed to form oceans

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3
Q

Phase 3 of atmosphere

A

Oxygen killed early organisms
Complex organisms started to grow and flourished
Ozone layer (O3) blocked harmful rays from sun
Little CO2 left

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4
Q

How long has the atmosphere been evolving

A

4.5 billion years

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5
Q

Amount of gases in the atmosphere today

A

Nitrogen - 78%
Oxygen - 21%
CO2 - 0.04%
Other gases mostly Argon - nearly 1%

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6
Q

How are we changing the atmosphere

A

Burning Fossil Fuels
Deforestation
Livestock farming - Methane

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7
Q

What else changes the atmosphere

A

Volcanoes - release sulphur dioxide (which can make acid rain) & can form volcanic smog
CO2

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8
Q

How can we tell the changes in the atmosphere

A

Examining bubbles in the Antarctic ice cores
Bubbles of air get trapped under the ice in layers
Examine the changes in the bubbles
Have to be very precise
Still guess work

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9
Q

Test for oxygen in the air

A

Heat copper in a tube
Pass air over it using two syringes
The reaction will use up oxygen
Find how much air is left (using markers on syringe)
The air lost was used to make copper oxide so it was oxygen.

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10
Q

Equation balanced for copper plus oxygen

A

2Cu + O2 –> 2CuO

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11
Q

200cm3 of air , end up with 160cm3 of air

A

40cm3 or 20% is oxygen

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12
Q

How are sedimentary rocks formed

A

Sediment deposited
Layers build up over millions of years
Pressure squeezes out water, crystals of different salts form.
The crystals form a sort of glue that sticks or cements the pieces of rock together.
Sedimentation –> Compaction –> Cementation

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13
Q

Eg of sedimentary rocks, properties

A

Limestone, chalk. May contain fossils

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14
Q

How are igneous rocks formed

A

Magma rises up into the crust or through the crust
cools and solidifies.
Extrusive –> above ground, cools quickly, small crystals
Intrusive –> underground, cooks slowly, large crystals

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15
Q

Eg of igneous rocks and properties

A

Intrusive - basalt, rhyolite
Extrusive - granite, gabbro
Lots of minerals and interlocking crystals
Very very hard

16
Q

How are metamorphic rocks formed

A

Rocks subjected to heat and pressure for long periods of time.
Can cause rocks to change form/structure
If they melt they are goners :(

17
Q

Eg of metamorphic rocks and properties

A

Marble, slate
Marble is formed from chalk or limestone which has been exposed to high temps which break it down and it reforms as small crystals, giving marble an even texture and makes it harder
MM rocks are resistant to weathering because they are so hard (but not as hard as IG rocks)

18
Q

Limestone cycle 1

A

CaO3 –thermal–decomposition–> CaO + CO2

19
Q

Limestone cycle 2

A

CaO + H20 –> Ca(OH)2 (s)

20
Q

Limestone cycle 3

A

Ca(OH)2 (s) + H2O –> Ca(OH)2 (aq)

21
Q

Limestone cycle 4

A

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 –> CaCO3 + H2O

CO2 TURNS LIMEWATER CLOUDY
The cloudy bit is the calcium carbonate being made

22
Q

1calcium carbonate

A

limestone

23
Q

Uses of limestone

A

Calcium hydroxide - test for carbon dioxide.
All can be used to neutralise soil acidity.
Calcium carbonate - remove acidic gases from coal-powered power station chimneys

24
Q

Limestone as a building material

A

Blocks of limestone are good for building with but it wears away with acid rain because it reacts with the CO2 in the water
Heated with clay in a kiln to make cement
Cement mixed with sand water and gravel to make concrete
Heated with sand and sodium carbonate to make glass

25
Q

Problems with concrete, limestone and glass

A

Concrete is weak when squashed, steel can be added, it is ugly
Limestone wears away in acid rain
Glass is brittle and shatters easily, but can be toughened. Glass can make buildings too hot

26
Q

Advantages of limestone quarrying

A

Makes jobs houses and roads
More money in the local economy, local improvements like transport health etc
restoration of landscape is part of the plan

27
Q

Disadvantages of limestone quarrying

A 
Makes noise and dust
Destroys habitats
Ugly view, holes change landscape
Transporting makes noise and pollution
Waste materials go into tips
28
Q

What is a precipitation reaction

A

Two solutions react and an insoluble solid forms

The solid is called a precipitate

29
Q

Balance copper sulphate + sodium hydroxide

A

copper sulphate + sodium hydroxide –> copper hydroxide (precipitate) + sodium sulphate (solution)

CuSO4 + NaOH –> Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

CuSO4 + 2NaOH –> Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4

30
Q

2 calcium oxide

A

Quicklime

31
Q

3 calcium hydroxide (s)

A

Slaked lime

32
Q

4 calcium hydroxide (aq)

A

Limewater

33
Q

Limestone

A

Calcium carbonate

Thermal decomposition

34
Q

Quick lime

A

Calcium oxide

+water

35
Q

Slaked lime

A

Calcium hydroxide (s)

+water

36
Q

Limewater

A

Calcium hydroxide (aq)

+co2

Chemistry (4 decks)

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