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Health and social care unit 1 > C1 - The Physical Changes of Ageing > Flashcards

C1 - The Physical Changes of Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to an individual when they reach later adulthood?

A

Their body functions begin to decline.

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2
Q

Give some examples of physical changes that occur.

A

They may experience hearing loss in higher frequencies. They may become far-sighted and experience impaired night vision. Joints may become stiffer and bones may lose calcium and become brittle bringing an increased risk of fractures.

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3
Q

Does every individual go through the same ageing process?

A

No. Everyone is unique.

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4
Q

Why might someone expect to live longer?

A

Taking regular exercise and eating healthy.

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5
Q

Why might physical changes associated with ageing come about?

A

Because there is a limit to how many times body cells can repair and renew themselves and because of damage that builds up over a lifetime.

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6
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Disease of the heart and blood vessels.

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7
Q

What is the main purpose of the heart?

A

To pump blood around the body.

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8
Q

What do many older people develop (Cardiovascular disease)?

A

Narrowing of the arteries and other blood vessels due to fats such as cholesterol being laid down in the walls of the blood vessels.

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9
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The process of ‘clogging up’.

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10
Q

What can atherosclerosis result in?

A

Higher blood pressure (which puts the person the person at risk of stroke) and heart attacks. The blood vessels can also start to lose elasticity causing the heart to work harder, increase in size and raise the blood pressure.

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11
Q

What can fatty deposits do?

A

Break away and block the arteries.

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12
Q

What happens if the coronary artery is partly blocked?

A

It may cause angina, experienced as breathlessness and chest pains.

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13
Q

What happens if there is significant blood flow blockage?

A

The person may experience a heart attack.

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14
Q

What are some of the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease?

A

Family history of heart disease, ethnic background, poorly controlled diabetes and a prolonged rise in blood pressure (hypertension). Poor lifestyle choices, such as being overweight / obese, smoking and lack of exercise.

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15
Q

What do an individual’s senses depend on?

A

The nervous system (nerves, the spinal cord and the brain) which is composed of nervous tissue.

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16
Q

What does Nervous tissue allow an individual to do?

A

Receive Stimuli and process information.

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17
Q

Name a positive sensory experience.

A

The smell of a cake baking.

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18
Q

Name a negative sensory experience.

A

An individual accidentally hitting their thumb with a hammer.

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19
Q

What can make it difficult to analyse the effects of ageing on brain function?

A

The effect of various conditions that are common in older people. For example, strokes, depression, under-active thyroid gland and Alzheimer’s disease.

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20
Q

Does the brain only decrease after a condition common in ageing? Give an example.

A

No. Some areas of the brain may produce new nerve cells and new skills can be learnt. For example, after a stroke with the help of an occupational therapist.

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21
Q

Does blood flow increase or decrease with the ageing process?

A

Decrease. This is most common for people who have a form of cerebrovascular disease.

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22
Q

What can cause cerebrovascular disease?

A

If you have smoked for a long time, have high blood pressure, high cholesterol or diabetes.

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23
Q

What can reduced blood flow to the brain result in?

A

Loss of brain cells prematurely, possible impairing mental function and increasing the risk of dementia, especially if lifestyle changes are not made or medication is not taken.

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24
Q

How can Nervous tissue degeneration occur?

A

As people get older, impulses become slower and age-related changes in function become more noticeable when the nerves are injured by something, for example diabetes.

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25
Q

What makes older people more vulnerable to injury and disease?

A

The self-repairing process in cells occurs more slowly.

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26
Q

What are some results of the degeneration of nervous tissue within the nervous system?

A

Decreased sensation, slower reflexes and a tendency to be clumsy. Hence memory, thought and abilities to perform tasks can be affected.

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27
Q

What is Osteoarthritis?

A

A degenerative disease. `

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28
Q

What is Osteoarthritis a result of?

A

Wear and tear of the joints and the ageing process.

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29
Q

What does Osteoarthritis cause?

A

The joints to become painful and stiff, especially the hips, knee, neck, lower back, hands or feet.

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30
Q

Does everyone experience the same symptoms of Osteoarthritis?

A

No. Some experience occasional mild symptoms whereas others experience severe and constant problems, making it difficult to carry out daily activities.

31
Q

What are the physical changes associated with osteoarthritis?

A

Thinning and roughening of the joint cartilage.

32
Q

What is the definition of cartilage?

A

The soft tissue that protects the surfaces of the bone.

33
Q

What happens as the bones start to rub together? What can this lead to?

A

Moving the joints causes pain and swelling. This leads to bony outgrowths, spurs or osteophytes, developing on the ends of the bones, causing damage to the soft tissues around the joints.

34
Q

Give an example of degeneration of the sense organs.

A

An individuals sense of balance can become impaired, both hearing and vision may deteriorate, and the ability to taste and smell may diminish.

35
Q

What causes cataracts?

A

Changes in the lens of the eye. As people grow older, the lenses can become hard and cloudy which can result in blurred vision.

36
Q

When does cataracts usually start?

A

Usually starts forming between the ages of 50 and 60, but often take time to develop and start causing symptoms.

37
Q

What increases the chances of developing cataracts?

A

Diabetes.

38
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

An increase of fluid pressure within the eye.

39
Q

What can glaucoma affect?

A

Eyesight in later life with symptoms that can range from hazy or blurry vision or eye pain to sudden loss of vision.

40
Q

What does an increase in wax in the outer ear cause?

A

Can block sound transmission to the sensory nerves.

41
Q

Why might someone experience partial or complete hearing loss?

A

If difficultly in hearing high frequency sound is accompanied with a loss of nerve cell function.

42
Q

How can older people overcome this?

A

Once they have accepted these ageing processes they will try to make adjustments or adaptations to their environment and use resources to help them perform daily tasks.

43
Q

Why might energy requirements change in older age?

A

If physical activity is restricted or reduced.

44
Q

What happens as energy requirements decrease?

A

Older people may need more protein-rich foods in their diet. For example, eggs, pulses, dairy foods and lean meat.

45
Q

What is essential in older peoples diet?

A

Foods containing vitamins and minerals.

46
Q

Where can minerals such as zinc, calcium, magnesium and sodium?

A

Dairy products, meat, eggs, fish, bread, cereals, fruit and vegetables.

47
Q

Absorption of food, including minerals and vitamins, becomes less efficient in older people. What does this mean?

A

That some people can can experience malnourishment even though they continue to eat the same diet that was adequate in early adulthood.

48
Q

What is vitamin D important for?

A

Good health and essential for absorbing calcium from food.

49
Q

What is the main source of vitamin D?

A

Sunlight.

50
Q

Why might someone be at risk of vitamin D deficiency? What does this lead to?

A

Some older people may be housebound, or in residential care. This may lead to disorders such as osteoporosis and bone fractures.

51
Q

How can you prevent osteoporosis?

A

Some older people are prescribed vitamin D and calcium supplements.

52
Q

What do some older people lack in their diet?

A

Vitamin C, iron and fibre.

53
Q

What is vitamin C essential for?

A

Several body functions, including wound healing and forming and maintaining healthy tissues.

54
Q

What provides vitamin C?

A

Fresh fruit and vegetables.

55
Q

Why might some older people not eat fruit and vegetables?

A

Some older people find buying fresh fruit and vegetables difficult or expensive, and also have difficulty in preparing and eating them.

56
Q

What increases the risk of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Iron absorption may be reduced in older people and a low dietary intake.

57
Q

What helps with digesting food and absorbing nutrients?

A

Water.

58
Q

What is dementia?

A

A brain disorder that seriously affects a person’s ability to carry out daily tasks and activities.

59
Q

What problem is a person with dementia likely to experience?

A

Understanding what is happening around them, communicating, reasoning, finding their way and remembering recent events.

60
Q

Name two main types of dementia.

A

Alzheimer’s disease and Vascular disease.

61
Q

What is vascular dementia?

A

Symptoms include problems with language, memory and thought processes caused by problems in the blood supply to the brain, for example, through stroke.

62
Q

How does Alzheimer’s disease usually develop?

A

Usually slow, initially involving parts of the brain controlling thought, memory and language. The symptoms gradually worsen.

63
Q

What are the main problems that individual’s with Alzheimer’s disease have?

A

Short-term memory and recalling the names of people they know. They may also struggle to complete daily tasks.

64
Q

What can be done to help this disease?

A

At present, there is no treatment to cure or prevent the disease, but some medications may delay its progress for a limited time.

65
Q

What does having a chronic condition in addition to the usual physical and psychological changes have on an older person?

A

Can worsen stress or depression.

66
Q

What does depression affect?

A

An individual’s mood and can lead to lack of energy, low motivation, interrupted sleep patterns, changes to appetite and headaches.

67
Q

How does illness on mobility restrict a person’s social life?

A

They may have difficulty getting out and meeting people. This will reduce their circle of friends causing further emotional stress.

68
Q

Why does the decline of senses or neural capacity have an impact on friendships?

A

They depend upon communicating with others.

69
Q

What can reduce motivation and increase isolation?

A

Individuals may be unable to hear or see sufficiently well to take part in interests and hobbies they used to enjoy, such as reading or going to the cinema.

70
Q

What is incontinence?

A

A loss of bladder control.

71
Q

Why might incontinence happen?

A

Weakness of muscles, enlarged prostate or neurological illness such as Alzheimer’s.

72
Q

What are physical effects on depression?

A
  • Difficulty falling or staying asleep, oversleeping, or daytime sleepiness.
  • Increased use of alcohol or other drugs.
  • Weight loss or loss of appetite.
  • Fatigue.
  • Giving up or losing interest in hobbies and other pastimes.
73
Q

What are psychological effects on depression?

A
  • Fixation on death, suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts.
  • Loss of self-worth, worries about being a burden, feeling of being worthless, self-loathing.
  • Social withdrawal and isolation, not wanting to be with friends, leave the house or take part in activities.
  • Sadness.

Health and social care unit 1 (4 decks)

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