C1 The particulate nature of matter Flashcards
Properties of solids
Fixed shape and volume; Cannot be compressed; Particles bound together
Properties of liquids
Fixed volume; No fixed shape; Cannot be compressed; Particles bound together
Properties of gases
No fixed shape and volume; Can be compressed; Particles bound together
Structure of a solid
packed in an ordered way(tightly); particles can vibrate in place but cannot move out of place
Reaction from Solid to Liquid
Melting
Reaction from Liquid to Gas
Evaporation
Reaction from Liquid to Solid
Freezing
Reaction from Gas to Liquid
Condensation
Reaction from Solid to Gas
Sublimation
Define movement of particles
All particles have some energy. This makes them all move, even in solids; If a particle had no energy it would stop.(unachievable)
Structure of a Liquid
Particles packed tightly; in random order; particles can move/flow over each other; particles fill the bottom of the container they are in
Structure of a Gas
Particles far apart; packed in random order; particles can move around quickly and freely
Define Atom
a particle; all matter is made of them; smallest piece of matter
Define Molecule
More than one atom bonded together
Define Ion
An atom/molecule that has a positive/negative electrical charge
Define Element
Only made of one type of atom
Define Compound
Made up of two or more types of atoms chemically bonded together
Mass of Proton
1
Mass of Neutron
1
Mass of Electron
1/2000
Charge of Proton
+1
Charge of Neutron
0
Charge of Electron
-1
What is Diffusion?
The movement of particles from a high concentrated area to a low concentrated area.
Why do particles diffuse?
- they are moving
- perfume particles move randomly in the air
- mix with the air particles which are also moving
- gradually spread out through the air particles
Independent variable (IV)
a thing that I can change in the investigation; x-axis
Dependent variable (DV)
a thing that I can measure; y-axis
Control variable (CV)
anything that I must keep the same to make it a fair test
What is a physical change?
same substance, different state
what is a chemical change?
atoms are rearranged and a new substance is made
Melting is an example of _____ change.
physical
Burning is an example of _____ change.
chemical
Is physical change reversible?
Yes
Is chemical change reversible?
No
What happens during a chemical change?
Bubbles are given off(effervescence); Colour change; Precipitate(solid) formed; heat/light given off
properties of metals
hard; shiny(lustrous); metallic; magnetic; conducts electricity; ductile(stretches into a wire); malleable; high melting/boiling points
properties of non-metals
dull; poor conductors(heat + electricity); low melting/boiling points; brittle
What is a Solute?
Substance that is dissolved
What is a Solvent?
Substance which does the dissolving
What is a Solution?
Resulting mixture
What are Isotopes?
atoms of the SAME ELEMENT with SAME number of PROTONS but DIFFERENT number of NEUTRONS; same chemical properties but different physical properties
Can chemical reactions be reversed?
All chemical reactions are reversible.
Define Ionic bond
The electrostatic attraction(makes an attraction/force) between oppositely charged ions.
Define Covalent bond
a shared pair of electrons; only for non metals
Conduct electricity =
Movement of charge
What is an Ionic lattice?
An ordered 3D structure
What are macromolecules?
Molecules that contain a very large number of atoms; giant covalent lattice; carbon atoms arranged differently
Carbon has two forms which are classed as giant covalent carbon allotropes:
Diamond and Graphite
In diamond, the carbon atoms are arranged in a ____________. Every carbon is bonded to _________ __________ by ___________________.
tetrahedral-like structure, four other carbon atoms, very strong covalent bonds
Properties of diamonds
hard and high melting point(due to many strong covalent bonds, which require a lot of energy to overcome); useful for cutting tools and dentist drills
cation means
positive ion
anion means
negative ion
valency means
number of bonds that an atom can make
In the graphite, the ______________ are in hexagonal shape, in layers. Each carbon atoms to ____________ carbons by strong ________ bonds. The layers are held together by weak ______________(IMFs).
carbon atoms, three other, covalent, Intermolecular Forces
What are intermolecular forces?
forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles; much weaker than covalent bonds
graphite properties
high melting point(as they are macromolecules and the layers are bonded with many strong covalent bonds); soft(due to weak intermolecular forces between the layers); useful in pencils and lubricant
The element that is further to the left on periodic table comes _______ in the name. The name of the element does not change.
first
If there are only two elements within the compound then the compound ends in ‘_____’. The second element will charge its name ending to ‘_____’.
ide
Have No Fear Of Ice CoLd Beer
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen, Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine
unit of atomic mass
u
The Relative Molecular Mass unit
Mr
Relative Formula Mass formula
ionic compounds x molecules
What does SI units stands for
Standarised units used for measuring. E.g. m, kg, s, mol, A, k …
Both measuring cylinders and pipettes measure
volumes
What are precise results?
a set of results, measurements or values that are close to each other
what are accurate results?
results, measurements, values that are close to the actual value
Define Pure substance
having only one type of particle.
Properties of pure substances
sharp melting and boiling point(as the substance has a set mp and bp at which the IMFs break)
Impure solids have a _____________ than __________. A liquid with a solute will have a ________________ than the _______.
lower melting point, pure solids, higher boiling point, pure solvent
What is chromatography?
separation technique used by food colouring(pigments from mixtures)
What is the stationary phase?
paper
What is the mobile phase?
water/solvent
What is the name of the thing created?
Chromatogram
