C1 - The Government Of Henry VII And Threats To His Rule

Question 1

When was the battle of bosworth

Answer 1

August 1485

Question 2

What was Henry vii’s maternal claim to the throne

Answer 2

Margaret Beaufort
Descendent of Edward III

Question 3

What was Henry vii’s paternal claim to the throne

Answer 3

His grandmother was a french princess who married Henry V before marrying Owen Tudor, his grandfather

Question 4

What type of claimant was Henry and how strong was his claim to the throne

Answer 4

A male Lancastrian claimant
Weak claim to the throne

Question 5

How did Henry attempt to secure his position

Answer 5

Start date of reign - day before battle of bosworth
— any who fought against him in the battle would be deemed traitors and estate was seized
Coronation 30th oct - before parliament met
— could not be claimed Parliament made him king
Papal dispensation to marry Elizabeth of York
— joined the yorkists and lancastrians to end the war of the roses
— marriage took place after coronation so he didn’t owe the crown to his wife

Question 6

How did Henry deal with the yorkist challenges

Answer 6

Earl of Warwick — sent to the tower
Earl of Lincoln — professed loyalty and joined kings council
Duke of Suffolk - swore loyalty to Henry and left alone

Question 7

Why was Henry’s position weak

Answer 7

Weak claimant
14 Years in exile in Brittany
Didn’t have the country’s support
Nobles remained neutral throughout battle
Yorkist challenges

Question 8

Why was Henry’s position strong

Answer 8

Offered peace and stability
Replacing an unpopular king
He was not reliant on a powerful noble for his position

Question 9

What did Christian carpenter argue about Henry replacing Edward

Answer 9

Not only was he replacing an unpopular king but a dead king at that

Question 10

How did Henry reward the Lancastrian’s

Answer 10

Jasper Tudor became Duke of Bedford and chief justice in wales
Sir Thomas Lovell made chancellor of the exchequer

Question 11

When was the Lovell conspiracy

Answer 11

July 1486

Question 12

How serious a threat was the Lovell conspiracy

Answer 12

Easily crushed
Gained support by the rest of the public
Seen as a strong but fair king
Didn’t disrupt the rest of his royal progress

Question 13

When was the Yorkshire rebellion
What was it about
Who was it led by

Answer 13

1489
Taxation
Sir john Egremont

Question 14

How serious a threat was the Yorkshire rebellion

Answer 14

Duke of Northumberland murdered when trying to collect tax
Money not collected
Easily crushed
Sign of weak royal authority in the north
Appointed earl of Surrey as representative the north

Question 15

When was the Cornish rebellion
What was it about

Answer 15

May 1497
Taxation

Question 16

How serious a threat was the Cornish rebellion

Answer 16

Not a major threat to his political standing but socially it was significant
15k supporters
Made it to London without being stopped
Had to be crushed by the royal army in Blackheath June 1497
Support from the minor gentry
12 years into his reign there was still limited loyalty to Henry

Question 17

What did J.D.P Cooper say about the rebellions

Answer 17

The protests were more complex and involved complaints filed against the local government officials in the region who were corrupt and failing in their administration duties

Question 18

When was the Simnel rebellion
Who did lambert Simnel impersonate

Answer 18

January 1487 — June 1487
Earl of Warwick

Question 19

How serious a threat was Lambert Simnel to Henry

Answer 19

Foreign support - he undermined the kings relationship with the estranged foreign nations (although was limited due to Henry’s foreign and diplomatic approach)
— Ireland
— Scotland
— France
— Flanders
He failed to gain widespread support
June 1487 - battle of stoke
The pardon Henry gave did not stop the rebels

Question 20

When was the perkin warbeck rebellion
Who did warbeck impersonate

Answer 20

1492-1499
Richard, Duke of York

Question 21

How serious of a threat was perkin warbeck

Answer 21

Foreign support
— holy roman emperor
— flanders
— France
— Scotland
Barely any domestic or noble support
The foreign support he gained were very influential and powerful. They had the means to attack England and Henry would not have the resources to defend the nation
Treaty of etaples (France) and truce of ayton (Scotland) kept the peace between England and foreign threats
Sir William Stanley, a leading courtier, was implicated. His own people turned against him displays the severity of the threat

Question 22

What was the Edmund de la pole rebellion

Answer 22

He was the nearest yorkist claimant to the throne
Despite appealing as loyal Henry refused to appoint him Duke of Suffolk like his father
He fled in 1501

Question 23

What problems did Henry face with his nobility

Answer 23

Still owned large amounts of land (earl of Northumberland
Henry was a usurper - nothing preventing a powerful noble to attempt to overthrow him
Many supported Richard III as they gained rewards through patronage
War of roses killed of many noble families that Henry did not have a lot to deal with
Even if the nobles were killed off they were replaced quickly with new families

Question 24

How did A. Grant describe nobles

Answer 24

‘Super-nobles’

Question 25

Statistics of major peers from start of Edward IV and Henry VII reign to the end
What does this represent

Answer 25

Edward IV - S = 7. E = 12
Henry VII - S = 16. E = 10
Edward gained earls, dukes, and marquises through patronage. He gave land (and therefore power) in return for loyalty; whereas Henry lost peers for easier control. He used patronage as a reward for loyalty, not as insurance.

Question 26

How did Henry control the nobility

Answer 26

Stopped giving out land
Limited the number of major peers
Order of the garter
Acts of attainders
Bonds and recognisances
1504 proclamations
Relief
Marriage
Wardship
1486 act of resumption

Question 27

What was the order of the garter

Answer 27

There were 37 knights of the garter
It was a great honour and reserved for excellent service and prestige
Did not give land or money

Question 28

What was the kings council a sign of

Answer 28

Trust
A cleaver way to ensure the nobles support for measures
Once the nobles had agreed to the policy it was difficult for them to criticise it

Question 29

What were the 1504 proclamations

Answer 29

Made it so nobles needed a licence to retain or there would be a heavy fine

Question 30

What were acts of attainders, bonds and recognisances

Answer 30

Signed agreements where nobles who had offended the king either paid for their offence or paid as security for good behaviour in the future
They could be reversed
Lost right to posses land - social and economic ruin

Question 31

How many acts of attainders did Henry pass during his reign and how many were reversed

Answer 31

Passed 9
Reversed 5

Question 32

What was relief

Answer 32

Payment to the king once land was inherited

Question 33

What was wardship

Answer 33

The estate of minors placed under royal control until they came of age
It was exploited as crown land until then

Question 34

How was marriage used to control the nobility

Answer 34

Profited off of arranged marriages

Question 35

What was the 1486 act of resumption

Answer 35

Recovered land granted away since before the wars of the roses

Question 36

What was the central government

Answer 36

Henry has over 200 councillors during his reign
He relied on the group for inner efficiency
The Council Learned in law was hated for its many links with bonds and recognisances
Henry developed the Yorkist use of regional councils in the north, wales and Ireland
Hatred became more pronounced in 1504 under leadership of empson and Dudley who ensured royal rights were throughly ensured

Question 37

What was the local government

Answer 37

Relied on the support of the gentry and nobility to uphold his wishes
He appointed justices of the peace from second rank of landowners, loyalty was ensured as they were to uphold public order and were given rewards for information
JPs were dependant on other officials to bring offenders to them
They were often reluctant to act as it made them unpopular

Question 38

How did parliament work under Henry

Answer 38

2 houses of commons and lords
Not per infant
Only met 7 times under Henry
Called when king needed to pass a law or needed money and establish the law
Main aim was to restore law and order as it would bring stability and support
King could summon and dissolve it

Question 39

Explain how ordinary revenue was increased

Answer 39

Crown lands
— 1486 act of resumption na d seizure of land from those attained
— rose from £29k to £42k by 1509
Custom duties brought 70k per annum under Edward and dropped to £40k under Henry due to a smuggling problem
Charges some subjects with crimes to fine them
— earl of Northumberland fined £10k for raping a royal ward
Control of nobility (marriage, livery, relief)
— £350 pa 1487 to £6k pa 1507
Bonds and recognisances
— 1504 proclamation brought £70k from lord Burgavenny alone in 1507

Question 40

Explain how extraordinary revenue was increased

Answer 40

Taxation - limited due to Cornish and Yorkshire rebellions
Couldn’t ask parliament for large sums of money without probable cause
Henry never successfully tapped the wealth of the country
Loans from wealthy subjects brought in £203k but had to replay them
Benevolences of 1491 brought £48.5k but couldn’t be used regularly due to building resentment
Sold church offices
— 6k Pa
Feudal aid
Marriage of his son to Scotland’s daughter brought in £30k
Treaty of staples, french pension, brought in £5k pa

Question 41

How successful was Henry in restoring royal finances

Answer 41

Successful in raising the income to £113k pay
Restored the solvency of the crown
The french king income was £800k pa

Question 42

What did john Guy say about Henry’s diplomacy and security measures

Answer 42

It ensured that the dynasty was able to survive
He was able to quell the turbulence of the fifteenth century

Question 43

What did S.B. Chromes say about financial methods

Answer 43

It gave the crown unwonted strength due to the improvident kings
By using finance rather than violence to keep potential threats in check made the crown more secure

Question 44

What did Christine carpenter say about the insecurity of the dynasty

Answer 44

The state of affairs would continue under his son given the problem of obtaining a male heir