C1: Structure and Bonding Flashcards
how do you name an alkane?
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how do you name a cycloalkane?
same rules as alkanes but add suffix “cyclo”
how do you name an alcohol?
- number the chain so OH groups get the lowest #
- change “ane” suffix to “ol”
how do you name an ether?
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how do you name an aldehyde?
- the C with the double bonded O is #1 and does not need to be numbered
- add the suffix “al”
how do you name a ketone?
- number the chain so the C with the double bonded O is the lowest #
- add the suffix “one”
how do you name a carboxylic acid?
- the C with the double bonded O is #1 and does not need to be numbered
- add the suffix “oic acid”
how do you name an ester?
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what is bond dissociation energy?
bonds have a higher BDE when:
- orbitals have a greater/smaller overlap
- they have higher/lower s character
- more/less electrons are shared
- they are shorter/longer in length
- the energy required to break a bond
- greater
- higher
- more
- shorter
what do Z and E mean within an organic molecule?
on a C-C double bond,
after determining the priority group(s),
Z= substituents on zame zide
E= substituents on opposite sides
list the compounds from strongest acid/ good proton donor to weakest acid/poor proton donor
- this order is also the order of….
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- weakest conj base/ most stable to strongest conj base/ least stable
what is a conjugated molecule?
- what are the 2 requirements to be met in order for a molecule to be conjugated?
- how is a conjugated molecule stabilized?
- if an atom has ____ and is next to sp2 atoms it itself can also be sp2
a molecule that has 3 or more overlapping and parallel p orbitals (3 connected sp2 atoms)
- molecule has to be planar
- molecule needs 3 or more adjacent sp2 atoms
- by having more resonance structures, the more they have the more stable they are
- lone pairs or a charge
what are the 4 rules that need to be satisfied for the most stable resonance structure?
- satisfies octet rule for all atoms
- has less separation of charge (less charges= more stable)
- has a negative charge on a more electronegative atom
- has a positive charge on a less electronegative atom
____ can be stabilized by resonance, making the original acid more likely to ____ and thus a ____
conjugate bases; give up a proton; stronger acid
what is induction?
electron withdrawal or donation through bonds, can be stabilizing or destabilizing
for induction,
what are 3 examples of electron donating groups?
- what do these examples of EDG stabilize?
- what do these examples of EDG destabilize?
- what are the answers to these questions for electron withdrawing groups?
- less electronegative atoms, r groups, atoms with lone electron pairs
- electron deficient atoms: carbocations, radicals, pi bonds
- electron rich atoms: carbanions
- the opposite of everything
within induction,
if the molecule has an r group that is electron donating and has carbocations, radicals, or pi bonds.. is it stabilized or destabilized?
stabilized
within induction,
if the molecule has an r group that is electron donating and has carbanions.. is it stabilized or destabilized?
destabilized
what does electron withdrawal mean?
that the r groups are getting closer
what does an equatorial bond look like?
- axial?
- horizontal, out to the side
- vertical, alternating up/down
for stability within a molecule, should the smaller/larger group be axial/equatorial in order to be more stable?
the smaller group should be axial
when there are at least 2 chair conformations for a molecule that partake in a ring flip,
what happens to the axial/ equatorial positions?
they switch, equatorial become axial and vice versa
what is steric strain?
- does is stabilize/ destabilize?
- the largest groups will be ____ to each other and ____ if possible
electron- electron repulsion that occurs when groups get close to each other
- destabilize
- anti; equatorial
describe what anti looks like within a molecule
- gauche?
- anti is directly across from each other
- gauche is right next to each other
