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LGS GCSE OCR Chemistry A > C1 Particles > Flashcards

C1 Particles Flashcards

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1
Q

How are particles in a solid arranged?

A

They do not move from their positions as they all keep a definite shape and volume (in a fixed position)

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2
Q

What structure do particles in a solid have?

A

There are strong forces of attraction between particles in a very regular lattice arrangement.

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3
Q

How are the particles in a liquid arranged?

A

They are constantly moving with random motion but they tend to stick together and they do not keep a definite shape but they keep the same volume.

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4
Q

What are the forces of attraction like in a liquid?

A

There is some force of attraction between the particles but they’re free to move past and alongside each other.

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5
Q

How does a high temperature effect particles in a liquid?

A

The hotter the liquid gets, the faster they move- causing the liquid to expand. If the liquid becomes too hot, it will evaporate and become a gas.

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6
Q

How does a low temperature effect particles in a liquid?

A

If the temperature gets too cold, the liquid will freeze and become a solid.

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7
Q

How are the particles in a gas arranged?

A

They do not have a definite shape or volume. They are free to move and they have a lot of kinetic energy. When they bounce off the walls of a container, the exert a pressure on the walls.

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8
Q

What are the forces of attraction like in a gas?

A

There’s next to no force of attraction between the particles as they are free to move anywhere. They travel in straight lines and only interact when they collide. There’s next to no force of attraction between the particles as they are free to move anywhere. They travel in straight lines and only interact when they collide.

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9
Q

How does a high temperature effect particles in a solid?

A

The hotter the solid becomes, the more the particles vibrate- causing solids to expand slightly when heated. Eventually they will melt and become a liquid.

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10
Q

How does a high temperature effect particles in a gas?

A

The hotter the gas gets, the faster they move and they will either expand or their pressure will increase when heated.

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11
Q

How does a low temperature effect particles in a gas?

A

If the temperature gets too cold, the gas condenses and becomes a liquid.

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12
Q

What is an advantage of the particle model?

A

It is a great model for explaining the three states of matter.

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13
Q

What is a disadvantage of the particle theory?

A

The model does not show any of the forces between the particles so there is no way of knowing how strong the forces are.

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14
Q

What is a physical change?

A

A physical change is when a substance changes from one state of matter to another.

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15
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

A chemical change is when bonds between atoms break and the atoms change places. The atoms in the substance you start with re-arrange themselves to form different chemicals. They are often hard to reverse.

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16
Q

Who, in the 19th century, described atoms as ‘solid spheres’?

A

John Dalton describes atoms as solid spheres and said that different spheres made up the different elements.

17
Q

Who concluded that atoms were not solid spheres in 1897?

A

JJ Thomson. His measurements of charge and mass showed that an atom must contain even smaller, negatively charged particles (electrons).

18
Q

What did JJ Thomson name his new theory that proved the ‘solid sphere’ theory wrong?

A

The Plum Pudding Model

19
Q

Who conducted the gold foil experiment in 1909?

A

Ernest Rutherford and his students: Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden

20
Q

What was the gold foil experiment?

A

Ernest Rutherford and his students fired positively charged alpha particles at an extremely thin sheet of gold.

21
Q

What happened to the alpha particles when they were fired at the sheet of gold?

A

Most of the particles went straight through the gold sheet, but some were deflected more than expected, and a small number were deflected backwards.

22
Q

What did Rutherford name his theory that proved the plum pudding model wrong?

A

The Nuclear Atom Theory

23
Q

What is the nuclear atom theory?

A

That there is a tiny positively charged nucleus at the centre, surrounded by a ‘cloud’ of negative electrons and that the atom was mostly empty space.

24
Q

What was the Plum Pudding Model?

A

The Plum Pudding Model showed that atoms must contain even smaller, negatively charged particles (electrons).

25
Q

What did Niels Bohr propose?

A

Bohr suggested that electrons can only exist in fixed orbits (shells) and not anywhere in between and each shell has a fixed energy.

26
Q

What supported Bohr’s theory?

A

Bohr’s theory was supported by many experiments and it helped to explain other scientists’ observations at the time. It is pretty close to the current version of the atom.

27
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

28
Q

What is the relative charge of a proton?

A

+1

29
Q

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

30
Q

What is the relative charge of a neutron?

A

0

31
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

0.0005 (negligible)

32
Q

What is the relative charge of an electron?

A

-1

33
Q

Where is the nucleus found in an atom?

A

It is located in the middle of the atom

34
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Protons and Neutrons

35
Q

What charge does the nucleus have?

A

A positive charge because of the protons

36
Q

What is the whole mass of an atom?

A

…

37
Q

What is the size of a nucleus’ radius?

A

0.073nm

38
Q

Where are electrons found in the atom?

A

Electrons orbit around the nucleus in shells

LGS GCSE OCR Chemistry A (9 decks)

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