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A Level Biology > C1 (Cytology And Microspy) > Flashcards

C1 (Cytology And Microspy) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are organelles

A

Parts of cells. Each with specific function

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2
Q

What’s the cell ultrastructure

A

The organelles and internal structure within organelles

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3
Q

What are the two main types of organisms

A

Eukaryotic organisms (cells) and prokaryotic organisms (cells).

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4
Q

What organelles do plant cells have that animal cells don’t

A

Permanent vacuole
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Plasmodesmata

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5
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Membrane found on surface of animal cells and just inside cell wall plant cells and prokaryotic cells

Mainly made of lipids and protein

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6
Q

Plasma membrane function

A

Regulates movement substances into and out of the cell

Has receptor molecules, which allow it to respond to chemicals (like hormones)

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7
Q

Cell wall

A

A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells

Made mainly of the carbohydrate cellulose

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8
Q

Cell wall function

A

Supports plant cells

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane) which contains many pores

The nucleus contains chromatin (made of DNA and proteins) and often a structure called nucleolus

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10
Q

Nucleus function

A

It controls cell’s activity (by controlling the transcription of DNA).

DNA contains instructions to make proteins.

The pores allow substances (RNA) to move between nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleolus makes ribosomes

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11
Q

Lysosomes

A

A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure

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12
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Contain digestive enzymes, kept separate from cytoplasm by surrounding membrane

Used to digest invading cells.or break down worn out components of cells

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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

Very small organelle
Either free floats in cytoplasm or is attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

Made out of proteins and RNA
Not surrounded by a membrane

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14
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Site where protein synthesis takes place (where proteins are made)

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15
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

A system of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes

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16
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes

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17
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum, but with no ribosomes

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18
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Synthesises and processes lipids

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19
Q

Vesicle

A

A small fluid-filled sac in cytoplasm by a membrane

20
Q

Vesicle function

A

Transports substances in and out of the cell (via plasma membrane) and between organelles.

Some are found in golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum, while others are formed at the cell surface

21
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A group of fluid filled, membrane- bound, flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edge of the sacs

22
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

Processes and packages new lipids and proteins

Also makes lysosomes

23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Usually oval-shaped
Double membrane, inner one is folded to form structures called cristae
Inside is matrix, contains enzymes involved respiration

24
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Site of aerobic respiration, where ATP is produced

They’re found in large numbers in cells that are very active (require a lot of energy).

25
Q

Chloroplast

A

Small, flattened structure found in plant cells
Surrounded double membrane, also had membranes inside (thylakoid membranes) these membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form grana. Grana are linked together by lamellae (thin flat pieces of thylakoid membrane)

26
Q

Chloroplast function

A

Site where photosynthesis takes place

Some parts of photosynthesis happen in the grana, and other parts in the stroma (a thick fluid found in chloroplast).

27
Q

Centrioles

A

Small, hollow cylinders, made of microtubules (tiny protein cylinders). Found in animal cells, but only some plant cells.

28
Q

Centrioles function

A

Involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division

29
Q

Cilia

A

Small, hair like structures found surface membrane so animal cells

Cross section, they have an outer membrane and a ring of nine pairs of proteins microtubules inside, with a single pair in middle

30
Q

Cilia function

A

Microtubules allow cilia to move.

Movement used by cell to move substances along cell surface

31
Q

Flagellum

A

Flagella on eukaryotic cells like cilia but longer. stick out from cell surface and are surrounded by the plasma membrane.

Inside they’re like cilia too (structure)

32
Q

Flagellum function

A

Microtubules contract, make flagellum move.

Flagella used like outboard motors to propel cells forward

33
Q

Organelles bacteria cells have

A 
Free floating DNA (bacteria chromosomes)
Flagellum 
Plasmids (rings of DNA)
Cell wall 
Plasma membrane 
Ribosomes
34
Q

Give differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (7)

A

Extremely small / Larger cells
DNA circular / DNA linear
No nucleus (free floating) / Nucleus present
Cell wall made polysaccharide / none for animal, cellulose for plants, chitin for fungi
Few organelles and none membrane bound / many organelles and some membrane bound
Flagella (when present) made protein flagellin, arranged in a helix / when present made microtubules in 9 + 2 formation
Small ribosomes / Larger ribosomes

35
Q

Give two examples of dyes we can use

A

Methylene blue

Eosin

36
Q

In a light microscope why can we see an image

A

An image is produced because some parts of the object absorb more light than others.

37
Q

Why do we stain

A

Sometimes the object being viewed is completely transparent, so use a stain

38
Q

What’s an eyepiece graticule and how is it used

A

It’s fitted into the eyepiece, it’s like a transparent ruler with numbers, but no units. So when you look down you will see a scale

39
Q

What’s stage micrometer and how is it used

A

Placed on the stage, it’s a microscope slide with accurate scale (has units)

Used to work out the value of the division on the eyepiece graticule at a particular magnification

40
Q

Resolution

A

It’s how well a microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together.

41
Q

Comparing types of microscope

A

Light microscope, max resolution: 0.2 micrometers, max magnification: x1500
TEM, 0.002 micrometers, can be more than x1000000
SEM, 0.02 micrometers, usually less than x500 000

42
Q

Electron microscopes

A

Use electrons to form an image

They have higher resolution than light microscopes and so give more detailed images

43
Q

TEM

A

Transmission electron microscopes

They use electromagnetic to focus a beam of electrons, transmitted through specimen to give a 2D image

44
Q

SEM

A

Scanning electron microscope
Scan a beam of electrons across the specimen, knocking off electrons from specimen, which is gathered in cathode ray tube to form an image (3D)

45
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Cytoplasms has got a network of protein threads running though it (called the cytoskeleton)
In eukaryotic cells the protein threads arranged as microfilaments (very thin protein strands), and microtubules (tiny protein cylinders)

46
Q

Cytoskeleton function (4)

A

Microtubules and microfilaments support cells organelles (keeps them in position)

Help strengthen the cell and maintain its shape

Responsible for transport of organelles and materials within cell

The proteins of the cytoskeleton can cause cell to move

A Level Biology (20 decks)

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