C1 - Carbon Chemistry Flashcards
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound that is made up of hydrogen and carbon molecules only.
Why are fossil fuels finite resources?
They are no longer being made, or are being made extremely slowly.
Why is bitumen at the bottom of a fractional distillation column?
It has a very high boiling point and therefore sinks to the bottom of the column.
Why can crude oil be separated?
Because the hydrocarbons in different fractions have differently sized molecules.
What is cracking?
The process of turning large alkane molecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules.
What is an alkane molecule?
A hydrocarbon with a single covalent bond.
What is an alkene molecule?
A hydrocarbon with a double covalent bond.
What are alkenes useful for?
Making polymers.
What is the word equation for complete combustion?
Methane + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
What is the symbol equation for complete combustion?
CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
What is the word equation for incomplete combustion?
Fuel + Oxygen -> Carbon Monoxide + Water
Or
Fuel + Oxygen -> Carbon + Water
What is the symbol equation for incomplete combustion?
2CH4 + 3O2 -> 2CO + 4H2O
Or
CH4 + O2 -> C + 2H2O
What is in clean air?
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
0.035% Carbon Dioxide
What is degassing?
The process of gases coming from the centre of the Earth through volcanoes.
What is the symbol equation for the reaction that occurs in a catalytic converter?
2CO + 2NO -> N2 + 2CO2
What happens when bromine and an alkene are mixed?
The bromine decolourises and a dibromo compound is formed by an addition reaction.
What is a saturated compound?
A compound that only has single covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
What is an unsaturated compound?
A compound with at least one double covalent bond between carbon atoms.
What is addition polymerisation?
The process in which many alkene monomers react to give a polymer.
What conditions does addition polymerisation require?
High pressure and a catalyst.
Why is GORE-TEX® waterproof but breathable?
The holes in the PTFE are too small for water to pass though but big enough for water vapour to pass through.
What are the properties of stretchy plastics?
Plastics that have weak intermolecular forces between polymers have low melting points and can be stretched easily as molecules can slide over eachother.
What are the properties of rigid plastics?
Plastics that have strong forces between polymers have high melting points, cannot stretch and are rigid.
What is denaturing?
The changing of shape in a molecule.
How do emulsifiers work?
They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail which stop oil and water from separating.
What is the word equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate?
Sodium Hydrogencarbonate -> Sodium Carbonate + Carbon Dioxide + Water
What is the symbol equation for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate?
2NaHCO3 -> Na2CO3 + CO2 + H20
What is the word equation for making an ester?
Alcohol + Acid -> Ester + Water
What are key properties for a perfume?
- Evaporate easily
- Non-toxic
- Non-reactant with water
- Not irritate skin
- Insoluble in water
What is a solution?
A mixture of a solvent and solute that does not separate out.
What is a colloid?
Where the particles are mixed and dispersed with particles of a liquid but are not dissolved.
How do most paints dry?
The solvent evaporates.
How do oil paints dry?
The solvent evaporates and the oil is oxidised.
What are thermochromic pigments?
Pigments that change colour at different temperatures.
How do phosphorescent pigments work?
They absorb and store energy, and ten release the energy as light over a period of time.
