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chemistry > C1 + C3 > Flashcards

C1 + C3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the distinguishing property of solids?

A

they have a fixed volume and shape

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2
Q

what is the distinguishing property of liquids?

A

they have a fixed volume but no definite shape. they take up the shape of the container in which they are held.

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3
Q

what is the distinguishing property of gases?

A

they have no fixed volume or shape. they spread out to fill whatever container or space they are in.

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4
Q

describe structure of solids.

A
  • particles held tightly together in a fixed position so solids have a definite shape
  • however the particles still vibrate in their fixed positions because they have energy
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5
Q

describe structure of liquids.

A
  • particles are held tightly together but have enough energy to move around.
  • liquids have no definite shape and will take on the shape of the container they are in
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6
Q

describe structure of gases

A
  • particles are further apart with enough energy to move apart from each other and are constantly moving
  • gas particles can spread apart to fill the container or area they are in
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7
Q

what must be put in to change solids into liquids then into gases?

A

heat energy. because heat energy provides the particles enough energy to overcome the forces holding them together.

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8
Q

what must be put in to change gases into liquids into solids?

A

cooling, or removing heat energy. it makes the particles come closer together so the particles can bond.

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9
Q

melting point
boiling point
freezing point
condensation point
evaporation

A

solid to liquid
liquid to gas
liquid to solid
gas to liquid
when faster particles have enough energy to escape the surface of the liquid and change into the gas state

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10
Q

atom - define

A

atoms are small particles that make up elements. there are many different types.

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11
Q

molecule - define

A

molecules are what atoms chemically bond to form.

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12
Q

ion - define

A

a atom or molecule with a charge. it can be positive or negative.

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13
Q

element - define

A

elements are substances that cannot be broken down into anything simpler because they are made up of only one kind of the same particle. all matter its made from elements.

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14
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the random mixing and moving of atoms, molecules, and ions in liquids and gases, and solutes.

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15
Q

how does diffusion move?

A

from higher concentration to lower concentration

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16
Q

explain the changes of state in terms of particle theory and the energy changes involved.

A

for a change of state to occur, it requires an energy change of adding more kinetic energy, this is heat. the increased energy make it possible for the atoms to break free of the forces of attraction.

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17
Q

explain dependence of rate of diffusion on molecular mass.

A

Heavier molecules move more slowly; therefore, they diffuse more slowly

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18
Q

what is a physical change?
what is a chemical change?

A

physical change: they involve a change of state, but no new substance is made. they are usually easy to go back to the original substance.

chemical change: one or more new substances are produced. usually there is a color change, gas produced, temperature change, or a solids formed. it is usually impossible to reverse.

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19
Q

⇌ meaning?

A

the chemical reaction and be reversible.

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20
Q

how can some chemical reactions be reversed?

A

by changing the reaction conditions. ex. when hydrated blue copper sulfate crystals are heated, a white powder is formed but when water is added again the sulfate is formed again!

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21
Q

define element

A

a substance containing only one type of atom

22
Q

define compound

A

a substance containing two or more types of atoms chemically joined together

23
Q

define mixture

A

mixtures can contain elements and compounds but the substances are not chemically joined.

24
Q

properties of metals

A

shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity and having high melting and boiling points.

25
Q

properties of non-metals

A

dull, poor conductors, they have low melting and boiling points. they break rather easily (they are brittle)

26
Q

what is an alloy?

A

an alloy is formed when a metal is mixed with other elements

27
Q

define solute
define solution
define solvent

A

substance that is dissolved
the resulting mixture
the substance which foes the dissolving

28
Q

define concentration (of a solution)

A

amount of solute dissolved in a certain volume.

29
Q

describe the structure of an atom.

A

Atoms consist of protons, electrons, and neutrons. The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) and the neutrons (no charge). The outermost regions of the atom are called electron shells and contain the electrons (negatively charged).

30
Q

charges and relative masses of protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

protons (in the nucleus) : +1 charge, 1amu

neutrons (in the nucleus) : 0 charge, 1amu

electrons (electron shells) : -1 charge, 1/2000

31
Q

what is proton number and what can it also be called?

A

it is also known as the atomic number. it describes the number of protons in the atom. no two atoms have the same proton(atomic) number.

32
Q

what is the nuclear number and what can it also be called?

A

it can be called the mass number. it can change! it shows the total number of atoms in the nucleus (protons + neutrons)

33
Q

what is used to arrange the elements in the periodic table?

A

the proton number/atomic number.

34
Q

hydrogen is the only atoms that has no ___?

A

no neutrons

35
Q

what is nuclide notation?

A

it shows the element symbol, protons (atomic) number, and nucleon (mass) number of an atom. the nucleon (mass) number is on top and the proton (atomic) number is on bottom) see pg 38

36
Q

why do atoms have the same number of protons as electrons?

A

because atoms are neutral. the number of positive charges must be equal to the number of negative charges.

37
Q

define isotopes.

A

they are atoms of the same element with the same atomic(proton)number but different nucleon(mass)numbers. so, they have a different number of neutrons.

38
Q

why do isotopes have the same properties?

A

because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. the isotopes don’t affect electrons since they aren’t found in the nucleus. also, the proton number doesn’t change either and since the proton number and the number of electrons are the same it doesn’t matter.

39
Q

describe the formation of ions.

A

when an atom loses or gains electrons and becomes no longer electrically neutral it becomes an ion. ions have a charge. an ion is a charged particle.

40
Q

why don’t noble gases react?

A

noble gases don’t react since they have a full outer electron shell.

41
Q

know how to use dot and cross diagrams

A

look in notebook and textbook pjs around 40

42
Q

what is electronic configuration?

A

the arrangement of electrons in an atom

43
Q

what are valency electrons?

A

the electrons in the outer shell that are involved in chemical bonding

44
Q

when you draw a atom becoming an ion what does the ion model look like?

A

it’ll have a full shell after losing or gaining electrons. make sure to write nubbier before the charge! (ex. 3+) see notebook on ions

45
Q

an atom which has lost electrons becomes an ion with a ___. an atom which has gained electrons becomes an ion with a ____

A

positive charge (loses electrons = positive charge)

negative charge (gains electrons = negative charge)

46
Q

what does an ionic bond form between?

A

an ionic bond forms between a metal and a non-metal element. ions are formed when an atom loses or gains electrons in order to gain a full outer electron shell. an ionic bond forms due to metal giving their electrons to non-metal elements in order for both to become stable chartered particles.

47
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

an ionic bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions (opposites attract)

48
Q

describe the lattice structure of ionic compounds

A

it is a regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions. (ex. sodium chloride structure) se ionic bonding in notebook

49
Q

what are positive ions called?
what are negative ions called?

A

positive ions = cations
negative ions = anions

50
Q

oxidation is the ____
reduction is the ____

A

oxidation is the loss of electrons
reduction is the gain of electrons

chemistry (8 decks)

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