C1, C2, C3

Question 1

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 1

The attraction between 2 atoms that share 1 or more electrons

Question 2

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 2

The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions.

Question 3

List what happens in an ionic bond

Answer 3

Electrons are transferred
Ions are formed
Between metals and non-metals
High melting/boiling points
Strong electrostatic forces between ions
Conductive when liquid/molten

Question 4

List what happens in covalent bonding

Answer 4

Electrons are shared
No ions are formed
Between non-metals
Low melting/boiling points
Weak intermolecular forces between molecules
Non conductive-no free electrons

Question 5

What are intermolecular forces.

Answer 5

The attraction between the individual molecules in a covalently bonded substance.

Question 6

What is a polymer?

Answer 6

A substance made from very large molecules made up of many repeating units.

Question 7

What are delocalised electrons?

Answer 7

A bonding electron that is no longer associated with anyone particular atom.

Question 8

What is fullerene?

Answer 8

Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms which form cage like structures.For example Graphene is a flat hexagonal structure and carbon nanotubes are tubes of hexagonal structures.

Question 9

What is an alloy?

Answer 9

A mixture of two or more elements, At least one of which is a metal.

Question 10

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 10

The electrostatic attraction between the positively chargedAtomic nuclei of metal atoms and the delocalised electrons in the metal.

Question 11

Why are ionic compounds hard?

Answer 11

– Ionic compounds form a giant lattice
– the strong electrostatic forces are very hard to break

Question 12

Why are ionic compounds brittle?

Answer 12

– When a force is applied layers shift
– therefore the same charges are next to each other causing them to repel and break apart

Question 13

Why do ionic compounds have high melting/boiling points?

Answer 13

– Ionic compounds for me giant lettuce with strong electrostatic forces between positively and negatively charged ions
– these forces are very hard to break, so they require lots of energy to boil/melt 

Question 14

Why are ionic compounds soluble (Can dissolve) in water?

Answer 14

– Water particles break up the ionic lattice into the separate ions
– Interrupting the forces between the positive and negative ions

Question 15

Do ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid, liquid or in solution – When the ionic compound has been dissolved in a liquid?

Answer 15

– Solids cannot conduct electricity because the ions cannot move to carry the charge
– liquid and solutions can conduct electricity because the ions can move to carry the charge


Question 16

What is an isotope?

Answer 16

It is atoms of the same element with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.

Question 17

What is the equation for the Rf value in chromatography?

Answer 17

Rf = distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent

Question 18

What are the similarities between elements in the same period?

Answer 18

They have the same number of shells. (However elements in different groups have a different number of electrons in the outer shell.)

Question 19

What does the mass number represent?

Answer 19

The number of protons add neutrons, because electrons don’t weigh anything.

Question 20

What does the atomic number represent?

Answer 20

The number of protons or electrons (Because they Have the same amount)

Question 21

How is the modern periodic table arranged?

Answer 21

By atomic number.

Question 22

Do the melting and boiling points Decrease as you go down group one alkali metals?

Answer 22

Yes, because the metallic bond is weakened enough for the atoms to move more freely and has broken completely boiling point is reached.

Question 23

What is the properties of alkali metals?

Answer 23

Alkali metals are:
– low density so they float
– Dissolve in water to form a colourless solution
– react with water to produce a hydroxide and hydrogen gas
– Soft
– dull on the outside reacted with oxygen, shiny on the inside
– They form ionic compounds in which the metal ion has a charge of positive one by reacting with non-metals
– Density increases as you go down the group
– They are called alkali metals because they form an alkaline solution when mixed with water

Question 24

What are the three types of metals?

Answer 24

Alkali, transition and typical metals e.g. iron

Question 25

What are the properties of typical metals?

Answer 25

– They form metallic bonds that are very strong (They form an electrostatic force between free electrons, the “sea” of electrons, and the positive ions) e.g aluminium
– Malleable
– they conduct heat and electricity
– shiny
– high melting and boiling points
– They are sonorous
– They have a high density

Question 26

What are the properties of transition metals?

Answer 26

They have all the properties of typical metals, plus
–They can for more than one ion e.g Cr2+, Cr3+, Cr6+
–Are good catalysts (They increase the rate of chemical reactions)

Question 27

What are the properties of nonmetals?

Answer 27

– They form negative ions or no ions if they’re in group 0 because they are stable
– They are dull
– They are brittle
– they have low melting and boiling points
– they are gases at room temperature
– they have a low density
– They get more reactive as you go up the group

Question 28

What are the properties of noble gases?

Answer 28

The gases are colourless
As you go down the group the number of shells increases by one
As you go down the group the boiling points DK
As you go down the group the density decreases
Xenon is used in car headlights
Argon is used in lightbulbs
Krypton is used in double glazing

Question 29

What are the properties of solids?

Answer 29

– Fixed shape
– fixed volume
– cannot be compressed
– particles are arranged in rows
– particles vibrate in fixed positions

Question 30

What are the properties of liquids?

Answer 30

– Can change shape
– fixed volume
– cannot be compressed
– particles not arranged in rows
– particles and slide past each other

Question 31

What are the properties of gases?

Answer 31

– Can change shape
– can change volume
– can be compressed
– particles arranged randomly
– particles move freely in all directions

Question 32

Describe the structure of graphene.

Answer 32

2-D sheet of Carbon atoms arranged in hexagons, Tough flexible and light.

Question 33

Describe the structure of graphite.

Answer 33

3-D structure made from multiple graphing layers.

Question 34

What is a Cation?

Answer 34

A positively charged ion.

Question 35

What is an anion?

Answer 35

A negatively charged ion.