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Chemistry > C1 - Atoms > Flashcards

C1 - Atoms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance containing only 1 type of atom. e.g Mg, O2, Cl2

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance containing two or more different types of atoms CHEMICALLY BONDED. e.g. H20

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3
Q

What is conservation of mass?

A

Atoms can neither be created or destroyed in a chemical equation - both sides must be balanced

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4
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Combination of two or more substances that are not chemically joined together. e.g. air, solutions

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5
Q

What is FILTRATION?

A

Removing large, insoluble molecules from a liquid. e.g. sand from water

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6
Q

What is CRYSTALLISATION (evaporation)?

A

Evaporating the solvent from a solution to leave a solute (dissolved substance) behind.
e.g. salt from water

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7
Q

What is DISTILLATION?

A

Heating a solution to separate the solvent and solute, and then cooling the evaporated gas of the solvent and condensing it to collect the liquid.

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8
Q

What is FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION?

A

Separating liquids due to their different boiling points

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9
Q

What is CHROMATOGRAPHY?

A

A technique used to separate different components within a mixture.

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10
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid (S), Liquid (L), Gas (G)

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11
Q

What does (Aq) mean?

A

Aqueous - dissolved in solution

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12
Q

What is the process by which a solid becomes a liquid?

A

Melting

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13
Q

What is the process by which a liquid becomes a gas?

A

Evaporation/boiling

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14
Q

What is the process by which a solid goes straight to a gas? (Skips out liquid)

A

Sublimation

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15
Q

What is the process by which a gas turns into a liquid?

A

Condensation

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16
Q

What is the process by which a liquid turns into a solid?

A

Freezing/Solidification

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17
Q

Characteristics of a solid

A

-particles in a regular/fixed arrangement (lattice) and vibrate about fixed positions
-cannot be compressed

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18
Q

Characteristics of a liquid

A

-particles have no regular arrangement and are able to move past each other
-cannot be compressed

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19
Q

Characteristics of a gas

A

-particles are far apart, move randomly at fast speeds (high energy)
-can be compressed

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20
Q

What is overcome during evaporation and melting?

A

Electrostatic forces

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21
Q

Order of discovery for the proton, neutron and electron

A

1st: Electron
2nd: Proton
3rd: Neutron

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22
Q

Order of discovery for the proton, neutron and electron

A

1st: Electron
2nd: Proton
3rd: Neutron

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23
Q

What did John Dalton do?

A

Popularised the theory that matter is made up of invisible particles (atoms)

24
Q

What did JJ Thompson discover?

A

Atoms are made up of positive and negative charges - Proton and electron

25
Q

Who made the plum pudding model and what is it?

A

JJ Thomson - A positive charge with lots of little negatively charged electrons dotted around it

26
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford discover?

A

Positively charged Nucleus

27
Q

Who carried out the alpha particle scattering experiment and what was it?

A

Ernest Rutherford - He shot alpha particles at a golden ‘leaf’, most of which went through showing the atom was mostly empty space, but some deflected back, showing the nucleus was in the centre

28
Q

What did Niels Bohr discover?

A

That electrons orbit the nucleus in shells

29
Q

What did James Chadwick discover?

A

Neutron

30
Q

Relative charge of a proton

A

+1

31
Q

Relative mass of a proton

A

1

32
Q

Relative charge of a neutron

A

0

33
Q

Relative mass of a neutron

A

1

34
Q

Relative charge of an electron

A

-1

35
Q

Relative mass of an electron

A

0 (very small)

36
Q

What is the bottom number in the periodic table and what does it show?

A

Atomic number - number of protons ( and electrons- they are the same to cause a neutral charge)

37
Q

What is the top number in the periodic table and what does it tell us?

A

Mass number - the number of protons + neutrons

38
Q

What is an atom called if it does not have a neutral charge?

A

An Ion

39
Q

What is an isotope?

A

The same element, but with a different number of neutrons

40
Q

How to calculate average mass of two or more isotopes?

A

Total mass of 100 atoms
Average mass = ————————-
100

41
Q

How were the elements arranged before the periodic table?

A

By atomic weight, however some were grouped together if they were seen to have similar properties.

42
Q

What did Dimitri Mendeleev do to the periodic table?

A

Ordered them in terms of chemical properties

43
Q

Dimitri found gaps in his table, how was he proven correct over time?

A

Elements were found, and they fitted into the gaps

44
Q

How many electrons are in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th shell

A

1st = 2
2nd = 8
3rd = 8
4th = 2

45
Q

Electron configuration for Magnesium (12 electrons)

A

2,8,2

46
Q

Do metals lost or gain electrons to form a full/empty outer shell? Do they form positive or negative ions?

A

Lose and positive ions

47
Q

Do non-metals gain or lose electrons to form a full outer shell? Do they form positive or negative ions?

A

Gain and negative ions

48
Q

What does the group number of the periodic table represent?

A

Number of electrons in outer shell of atom

49
Q

What are group 1 metals known as?

A

The Alkali Metals

50
Q

Do alkali metals get more or less reactive the further down the group you go?

A

More - easier to lose 1 electron as further away from nucleus so electrostatic force is weaker

51
Q

What are group 7 elements known as?

A

The halogens

52
Q

Do halogens get more or less reactive as you go down the group?

A

Less - further away from nucleus, so harder to attract one more electron

53
Q

Does boiling point increase or decrease as you go down group 7 (the halogens)

A

Decrease

54
Q

How reactive are the noble gases (group 0/8 elements)?

A

Very unreactive

55
Q

Properties of transition metals

A

-Hard
-less reactive than the alkali metal
- form coloured compounds

Chemistry (5 decks)

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