C1 - Atomic Structure & Periodic Table

Question 1

Atoms - The Nucleus

Answer 1

• In the middle of the atom.
• Contains protons & neutrons.
• It has a positive charge, because of the protons.
• Almost the whole mass of the atom is in the nucleus.

Question 2

Atoms - The Electrons

Answer 2

• They move around the nucleus in electron shells.
• Negatively charged, but cover a lot of space.
• The volume of their orbits determine the size of the atom.
• Electrons have virtually no mass.

Question 3

What is the charge of an atom?

Answer 3

Atoms are neutral, and have no charge overall.

This is because they have the same number of protons as Electrons, therefore they cancel out and leave no charge.

Question 4

Are ions the same as atoms?

Answer 4

No, because ions have an overall charge.

Ions don’t have an equal number of protons as electrons, therefore leading do either a positive or negative charge.

Question 5

What does the Atomic Number of an atom show?

Answer 5

The atomic number shows how many protons are in the atom.

E.g. An atom with an atomic number of 11 (Sodium) has 11 protons.

Question 6

What does the Mass Number of an atom show?

Answer 6

The mass number shows the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.

E.g. An atom with a mass number of 23 (Sodium) has a total number of 23 protons and neutrons.

Question 7

How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?

Answer 7

Subtract the atomic number from the mass number.

E.g. An atom with an atomic number of 11 & a mass number of 23 (Sodium) has 12 Neutrons (23-11).

Question 8

What is an element?

Answer 8

An element is a substance made up of atoms that all have the same number of protons in their nucleus.

Question 9

What is an isotope?

Answer 9

An isotope is a different form of the same element, which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Question 10

Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

Answer 10

Sum of (isotope abundance x isotope mass number) / sum of abundance’s of all of the isotopes.

Question 11

What is a compound?

Answer 11

A compound is the substance formed from two or more elements. They are held together by chemical bonds, and are difficult to separate.

Question 12

How do you know what atoms are in a compound?

Answer 12

A formula shows what atoms are in a compound. E.g. CO2 is a compound formed by a chemical reaction between Carbon and Oxygen. It contains 1 Carbon atom, and 2 Oxygen atoms.

Question 13

What is the word equation of Methane burning into Oxygen to give Carbon Dioxide and Water?

Answer 13

Methane + Oxygen - Carbon Dioxide + Water

Question 14

Balance the equation of H2SO4 + NaOH -

Na2SO4 + H2O

Answer 14

H2SO4 + 2NaOH - Na2SO4 + 2H2P

Question 15

What is a Mixture?

Answer 15

A mixture contains different elements that are not chemically joined.

This means that mixtures are easily separated, unlike compounds.

Question 16

What are the stages of paper chromatography?

Answer 16

1) Draw a line at the bottom of filter paper.
2) Add ink to the line.
3) Place sheet in a beaker of solvent e.g. Water / Ethanol.
4) Make sure the ink isn’t touching the solvent, it must be slightly above it.
5) The solvent will move up the paper, and inks will separate.
6) When The solvent has nearly reached the top of the paper, remove it and leave it to dry.

Question 17

What are more separation techniques beside Paper Chromatography?

Answer 17

• Filtration
• Evaporation
• Crystallisation
• Distillation

Question 18

The Plum Pudding Model

Answer 18

The plum pudding model was created by Ernest Rutherford in 1909.

In this, it believed there was a tiny, positively charged nucleus with a cloud of negative electrons surrounding the nucleus.

Question 19

Bohr’s Nuclear Model

Answer 19

This is the model used today to describe atoms.

Bohr suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed shells, and they are a fixed distance from the nucleus.

Question 20

What are the rules of the Electrons Shells?

Answer 20

2:8:8

Only a certain amount of electrons are allowed in each shell. 2 in the first, 8 in the second, and 8 in the third.

Question 21

What is the order of elements laid out on the periodic table?

Answer 21

The elements are laid out in The Periodic Table, in order of increasing atomic (proton) Number.

Question 22

Where are Metals found on the periodic table?

Answer 22

Metals are found to the left of the periodic table.

Question 23

Where are Non-Metals found on the periodic table?

Answer 23

Non-Metals are found to the right of the periodic table.

Question 24

Groups & Periods on The Periodic Table

Answer 24

• The vertical columns are called groups.
• The rows are called periods.
• The group number tells you how many electrons are in the outer shell. E.g. Group 1 has one electron in the outer shell.

Question 25

Group 1 Elements

Answer 25

• One electrons in outer shell.
• As Group 1 goes down, the reactivity increases, the melting and boiling points lower, and they have a higher relative atomic mass.
• Reaction with water produces Hydrogen gas.
• Reaction with Chlorine, produces a salt.

Question 26

Group 7 Elements

Answer 26

• Known as halogens.
• Halogens are all Non-Metals with coloured vapours.
• As you go down Group 7, they become less reactive, have higher melting and boiling points, and have higher relative atomic mass.
• Halogens form Ionic Bonds with metals.

Question 27

Group 0 Elements

Answer 27

• Group 0 Elements are all Inert, colourless gases.
• They all have 8 electrons in the outer energy level.
• They’re non-flammable.
• The boiling points increase as you go down the Group, along with relative atomic mass.