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GCSE Chemistry AQA > C1 Atomic structure and the periodic table > Flashcards

C1 Atomic structure and the periodic table Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the state and colour of each of the halogens at room temperature.

A

Chlorine = Green gas
Bromine = Orange liquid
Iodine = Grey solid
(Iodine forms a purple vapour when it is warmed)

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2
Q

What special something do Group 0/ Noble gases have about their outer shell of electrons?

A

The outer shell of Group 0 is full which makes it both unreactive and very stable.

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3
Q

What is distillation used for ? A evaporating the liquid from a mixture to collect the solid. B the separation of a liquid from a mixture using evaporation then condensation. C the separation of solutes for analysis. D the removal of salt from water

A

Distillation is used for :B the separation of a liquid from a mixture using evaporation then condensation

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4
Q

Explain what we mean by subatomic particles

A

Each atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons arranged around it in energy levels.

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5
Q

Why does chlorine push bromine out of potassium bromide?

A

In a displacement reaction, a less reactive element is displaced by a more reactive element. Chlorine is more reactive than Bromine.

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6
Q

Explain what we mean by filtration

A

Filtration is a method for separating an insoluble solid from a liquid. When a mixture of sand and water is filtered:the sand stays behind in the filter paper (it becomes the residue)the water passes through the filter paper (it becomes the filtrate)

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7
Q

Explain what we mean by a mixture.

A

A mixture is made from molecules of elements and compounds that are simply mixed together, without chemical bonds. Mixtures can be separated using techniques such as filtration, chromatography, evaporation and distillation.

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8
Q

Explain what we mean by an electron

A

Electrons are contained in shells around the nucleus. The total number of electrons is always the same as the number of protons in the nucleus, as shown in the diagram below.

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9
Q

Explain what we mean by electron configuration

A

The electrons in an atom occupy energy levels. These are also called shells. Each electron in an atom is found in a particular energy level. The lowest energy level (innermost shell) fills with electrons first. Each energy level can only hold a certain number of electrons before it becomes full. The first energy level can hold a maximum of two electrons, the second energy level a maximum of eight, and so on.

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10
Q

Explain what we mean by chemical formulae

A

The chemical formula of a compound tells you how many atoms of each element the molecule contains.

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11
Q

John Dalton was the first person to start sorting elements into a periodic table. How did he sort them?

A

John Dalton sorted elements into a periodic table by increasing atomic mass.

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12
Q

John Newlands noticed a pattern in elements that Dalton’s had sorted by increasing atomic mass. What was that pattern?

A

John Newlands noticed that the eighth elements in Dalton’s periodic table had similar properties.

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13
Q

Who discovered that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells?

A

Neils Bohr discovered that electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.

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14
Q

Explain what we mean by chromatography

A

Paper chromatography is a method for separating dissolved substances from one another. It is often used when the dissolved substances are coloured, such as inks, food colourings and plant dyes. It works because some of the coloured substances dissolve in the solvent used better than others, so they travel further up the paper.

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15
Q

How many electrons do Group 1 have in their outer shell?

A

Group 1 elements all have in 1 electron in their outer shell

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16
Q

Why does fractional distillation work?

A

Fractional distillation works because the liquids in the mixture have different boiling points.

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17
Q

What is chromatography used for?A to separate a solid from a liquid. B to separate out dissolved solids. C to separate a liquid from a solution. D to separate a mixture of liquids

A

Answer D: Chromatography is used to separate a mixture of liquids

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18
Q

What group is Cl in?

A

Cl is in Group 7

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19
Q

How many neutrons are there in 184W74

A

There are 110 neutrons in 184W74

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20
Q

How does paper chromatography work?

A

Paper chromatography works because some of the coloured substances dissolve in the solvent better than others, so they travel further up the paper.

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21
Q

Explain what we mean by an element.

A

An element is a substance that is made of only one sort of atom. There are about 100 different elements. These are shown in the periodic table, which is a chart with all the elements arranged in a particular way.

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22
Q

Why are alkali metals stored in oil?

A

Alkali metals are stored in oil to prevent them reacting with air.

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23
Q

Explain the difference between a compound and a mixture.

A

A mixture can be separated easily but because compounds contain elements which have reacted chemically they are very difficult to separate.

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24
Q

What are elements in group 7 called?

A

Elements in group 7 are called halogens

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25
Q

From the 3 sub atomic particles choose 2 which are the same size?

A

The electron is tiny but the proton and neutron are the same size.

26
Q

Water has a boiling point of 100 °C. At what temperature does water evaporate?A 100 °CB temperatures above 100 °C onlyC temperatures above 0 °C onlyD water doesn’t evaporate

A

Water evaporates at A 100 °C

27
Q

I have 2 electrons in my first shell and 3 electrons in my second shell. Which element am I?

A

I am Boron

28
Q

How many protons or electrons are there in 56Fe26

A

There are 26 protons or electrons are in 56Fe26

29
Q

Which 2 sub atomic particles have opposite charges which hold the atom together?

A

The electron is negative and the proton is positive

30
Q

What did Mendeleev do to improve Dalton and Newlands periodic table?

A

Mendeleev took their ideas but also left spaces where elements didn’t fit the pattern. Once elements were discovered they fitted in exactly proving his design worked.

31
Q

Iodine sublimes, what does that mean?

A

Sublimation means that iodine changes from solid to gas without going through a liquid phase.

32
Q

Describe what Thomson’s plum pudding model looked like.

A

Thomson imagined that the atom was a sphere of positive charge with negatively charged electrons dotted around inside, rather like plums in a pudding.

33
Q

Give an example of a use for each of the halogens (elements in Group 7)

A 
Fluorine = in toothpaste
Chlorine = to kill microbes in swimming pools
Bromine = making pesticides or plastics
Iodine = steralising wounds
34
Q

Explain what we mean by a periodic on the periodic table

A

All the differentelementsare arranged in a chart called the periodic table. On the periodic table the horizontal rows are calledperiods. There are only two elements in Period 1 (hydrogen and helium)

35
Q

Explain what we mean by charges

A

Both protons and electrons have an electrical charge. Both have the same size of electrical charge, but the proton is positive and the electron negative. The neutron is neutral.

36
Q

Explain what we mean by the Periodic Table

A

There are more than 100 different elements. The periodic table is a chart showing all the elements arranged in a particular way. The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups. Each group contains elements that have similar properties.

37
Q

What period is Mg in?

A

Mg is in the third period

38
Q

Explain what we mean by evaporation

A

Evaporation is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid. For example, copper sulfate is soluble in water – its crystals dissolve in water to form copper sulfate solution. During evaporation, the water evaporates away leaving solid copper sulfate crystals behind.

39
Q

Alkali metals are shiny when they are first cut. Why do they go dull quickly?

A

Alkali metals go dull quickly because they react with oxygen to make a dull oxide layer.

40
Q

Explain what we mean by a neutron

A

Neutrons have no electrical charge; they are neutral.

41
Q

Describe 3 things you would see if you put an alkali metal into water with universal indicator in it.

A
  1. The metal floats
  2. The metal fizzes as hydrogen gas is given off and can catch fire with a characteristic coloured flame.
  3. Universal indicator turns from green to purple
42
Q

Explain what we mean by a compound

A

Compounds are chemicals made from atoms of different elements joined by chemical bonds. They can only be separated by a chemical reaction.

43
Q

Name the colours of Li, Na and K in group 1 flame tests

A 
Red	 = Lithium (Li)
Orange = Sodium (Na)
Lilac = Potassium (K)
44
Q

I have the electron configuration of 2,8,8,1. Who am I?

A

I am potassium

45
Q

Explain what we mean by distillation

A

Simple distillation is a method for separating the solvent from a solution. For example, water can be separated from salt solution by simple distillation. This method works because water has a much lower boiling point than salt. When the solution is heated, the water evaporates. It is then cooled and condensed into a separate container. The salt does not evaporate and so it stays behind.

46
Q

Explain what we mean by electron shells

A

Electrons are arranged in different shells around the nucleus. The innermost shell - or lowest energy shell - is filled first. Each succeeding shell can only hold a certain number of electrons before it becomes full. The innermost shell can hold a maximum of two electrons, the second shell a maximum of eight, and so on.

47
Q

Why do the substances separate in a chromatogram? A The solvent dissolves the substances and carries them up the paper. B Some of the substances evaporate before the others.C The solvent carries the substances at different speeds.D The solvent evaporates at different points up the chromatogram.

A

Answer C: Substances separate in a chromatogram because the solvent carries the substances at different speeds.

48
Q

Explain what we mean by a proton.

A

Protons and neutrons have the same mass, which is about 2,000 times larger than the mass of an electron.Protons and electrons have an electrical charge. This electrical charge is the same size for both, but protons are positive and electrons are negative.

49
Q

Does filtering separate option A, B, C or D? A a liquid from a solution B two solids in a mixture C a solid from a liquid D two liquids in a mixture.

A

Filtering separates C a solid from a liquid

50
Q

Name the most and least reactive alkali metal.

A

Lithium is the least reactive alkali metal and francium is the most reactive. Reactivity increases as you go down the group.

51
Q

Explain what we mean by atomic mass

A

The mass number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons it contains. The mass number of an atom is never smaller than the atomic number. It can be the same, but is usually bigger.

52
Q

If it has gained electrons an atom will become a ….

A

If it has gained electrons an atom will become a negative ion

53
Q

Why is the mass number of chlorine a decimal?

A

Because there are 2 isotopes of chlorine and they are both represented on the periodic table by their average value.

54
Q

When would fractional distillation be used?

A

Fractional distillation is used when the liquids are miscible. This means they mix together completely.

55
Q

What is an isotope?

A

An isotope has more than one version of an element. The atomic number remains the same but the mass number changes because the atoms contain a different number of neutrons.

56
Q

Explain what we mean by the atomic number

A

The atomic number of an atom is the number of protons it contains. All the atoms of a particular element have the same atomic number (number of protons). The atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons. For example, all oxygen atoms have 8 protons and all sodium atoms have 11 protons.

57
Q

Explain what we mean by a group on the periodic table

A

All the differentelementsare arranged in a chart called the periodic table. On the periodic table the vertical columns are calledgroups. Elements in the same group are similar to each other
The main groups are numbered from 1 to 7 going from left to right, and the last group on the right is Group 0

58
Q

What experiment did Rutherford do to prove that Thomson’s plum pudding model was wrong?

A

Rutherford designed and experiment where radioactive particles (called alpha particles) were sent through a thin gold foil.The pattern of the scattering of these particles showed that the atom was mainly empty space with a positive nucleus.

59
Q

If it has lost electrons an atom will become a ….

A

If it has lost electrons an atom will become a positive ion

60
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom which has lost or gained electrons and so carries a charge.

61
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in each shell /orbit

A

first shell 2 electrons2nd shell 8 electrons 3rd shell 8 electrons4th shell 2 electrons

62
Q

Explain what we mean by an atom.

A

All substances are made of tiny particles called atoms. Atoms consist of electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons.

GCSE Chemistry AQA (11 decks)

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