C1- Atomic structure and the periodic table Flashcards
What’s the radius of a nucleus in an atom?
1x10 to the power -14
What the radius of an atom?
1x10 to the power -10
Describe the structure of an atom:
Nucleus- holds protons and neutrons
Shells-hold electrons
What’s the relative mass on a :
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Proton —- 1
Neutron — 1
Electron — very tiny
What’s the charge on a :
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Proton — +1
Neutron— 0
Electron — -1
What’s does it mean when atoms are neutral?
They have no overall charge
(Same number of protons as electrons since charge is opposite they cancel each other out)
Why do atoms have overall charge?
Different number of electrons and protons meaning they don’t cancel out
Where is overall charge seen?
In an ion
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom that either losses or gains electrons
How do you know the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in an element?
Protons— look at the bottom number
Electron— look at bottom number
Neutron— top number - bottom number
What’s the bottom number of an element called?
Atomic number
What’s the top number of an element called?
Mass number
What’s an isotope?
An atom with the same number of protons different number of neutrons
What’s an example of an isotope?
Carbon12 and carbon13:
Where carbon 12 has 6 protons 6 electrons and 6 neutrons
Carbon 13 has 6 protons
6 electrons and 7 neutrons
What’s the symbol of relative atomic mass?
Ar
What’s relative atomic mass?
It’s the top number on an element and it’s when talking about the whole mass of an element and also counting it’s abundances
What’s a relative atomic number?
The bottom number still the number of protons and electrons
The equation to work out relative atomic mass
Relative atomic mass=Sum(abundance x mass) divided by total abundance
What are compounds?
Substances formed from two or more elements which are chemically bonded together and are very hard to separate can only do it by a chemical reaction
Does an element loose it’s properties becoming a compound?
They do, the properties of a compound are different from the properties of its original element
Is the nuclei affected when a bond is made?
No
Is a compound that’s made from metals and non metals a positive or negative ion?
The metal atoms loose electrons to become positively charged ions
Non metals gain electrons to become negatively charged ions
What’s ionic bonding?
When a metal and non metal react together to loose or gain electrons.These oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to one another by electrostatic force this attraction is called ionic bond.They do this to have a full outer shell
Whats covalent bonding?
When non metal atoms bond together by sharing electrons to achieve a full outer shell
What’s the symbol for the following:
-carbon dioxide
-ammonia
-water
-sodium chloride
-carbon monoxide
-hydrochloric acid
-calcium chloride
-sodium carbonate
-sulfuric acid
-CO2
-NH3
-H2O
-NaCL
-CO
-HCL
-CaCl2
-Na2SO4
-H2SO4
Practical for separation chromatography:
1)Draw a line near the bottom of the filter paper use pencil because pen is insoluble and will dissolve in water)
2)Add a spot of ink ton the line and place the sheet in a beaker of solvent e.g water
3)The solvent depends on what’s being texted some compounds dissolve well in water
4)Place a lid on top of the beaker so that the solvent doesn’t dissolve
5)The dyes have a different solubility meaning the most soluble will be at the top of the paper and the one on the line is insoluble
Filtration spreading insoluble solids form liquids:
Supersets insoluble solids from liquids:
-pour solution into filer paper
-then beaker will have pure substance
-the filter paper has the residue
This can be used for any purifications e.g solid impurities
Two ways to separate soluble solids from solutions?
Evaporation and crystallisation
Describe evaporation:
-pour the solution into an evaporating dish
-slowly heat the solution.The solvent will evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated.Eventually crystals will start to form
-keep heating the evaporation sun until you have left are dry crystals
Why may evaporation not work sometimes?
It’s a really quick way of separating soluble slag from a solution but the salt may decompose (break down) when its heated
What’s another way to separate soluble solids from solutions?
Crystallisation
Describe crystallisation:
-pour the solution into an evaporating dish and gently heat the solution.Some of the solvent will evaporate and the solution will get more concentrated
-once some of the solvent has evaporated or when u can see crystals start to from (the point of crystallisation) remove the dish from the heat and leave the solution to cool
-the slat should start to from crystals as it becomes insoluble in the cold , highly concentrated solution
-filter the crystals out of the solution and leave them to dry
Filtration and crystallisation can be used to separate rock salt how does it work?
Rock salt is simply a solution of salt and rock:
-grind the mixture to make sure the salt crystals are small so that they dissolve in the water
-put the mixture into water the salt will dissolve the sand won’t
-filter the mixture only the salt in water will pass through
-use either evaporation or crystallisation to form dry crystals
Distillation and fractional
Check page 102
History of atom
Check page 103
Electronic configuration
2,8,8
Why do elements what a full outer shell like group 0?
They will be stable and won’t react
Group 1 are also called?
Alkali metals
Describe group 1:
-their reactivity increases as they go down the group because they are further away from the nucleus meaning they have a weaker attraction and can easily loose electrons and become reactive
-have a low melting and boiling point
-higher relative atomic mass
Group 7 is also called?
Halogens
Describe group 7:
-decrease in reactivity as they go down the group because they are further away from the nucleus meaning they have a weaker attraction and it’s harder to gain electrons
-high melting and boiling point
-higher relative atomic mass
Group 0/8 is called ?
Noble gasses
Why do they not react?
They don’t react because they have a full outer shell
Describe group 0:
The boiling points increase as u go down the group as well as the relative atomic mass
- the increase in boiling point is due to an increase in the number of electrons in each atom leading to greater intermolecular forces between them which need to be overcome this
Anything else about group 1,7,0
Metals, non metals and non metal
