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chemistry > c1 - atomic structure and periodic table > Flashcards

c1 - atomic structure and periodic table Flashcards

1
Q

what do atoms contain

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

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2
Q

nucleus of an atom

A

contains protons and neutrons
radius of around 1 x 10^-14
positive charge

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3
Q

proton mass and charge

A

mass = 1
charge = +1

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4
Q

neutron mass and charge

A

mass = 1
charge = 0

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5
Q

electron mass and charge

A

mass = 0
charge = -1

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6
Q

what do electrons do

A

move around the nucleus in electron shells

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7
Q

number of protons =

A

number of electrons

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8
Q

charge of an atom

A

neutral
no overall charge

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9
Q

what is an ion

A

an atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained electrons
the number of protons does not equal the number of electrons

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10
Q

what does the atomic number tell you

A

how many protons there are

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11
Q

what does the mass number tell you

A

total number of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

what is an element

A

substance made up of atoms that all have the same number of protons in their nucleus

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13
Q

what are isotopes

A

different forms of the same element which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

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14
Q

formula to work out the relative atomic mass of an element

A

sum of (isotope abundance x isotope mass number) / sum of abundance of all the isotopes

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15
Q

what happens when elements react

A

atoms combine with other atoms to form compounds

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16
Q

what is a compound

A

a substance formed when 2 or more atoms are chemically bonded together

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17
Q

how do atoms make bonds

A

atoms give away, take or share electrons

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18
Q

what happens when a compound is formed between a metal and a non metal

A

the metal loses electrons to form positive ions
the non metal gains electrons to form negative ions
this is ionic bonding

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19
Q

what happens when a compound is formed between non metals

A

each atom shares an electron with another atom - this is covalent bonding

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20
Q

how can mixtures be separated

A

filtration
crystallization
simple distillation
fractional distillation
chromatography

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21
Q

how to do paper chromatography

A
  1. draw line near the bottom of a sheet of filter paper (use pencil)
  2. add a spot of ink to the line and place the sheet in a beaker of solvent like water
  3. make sure the ink isn’t touching the solvent
  4. place lid on top of container to stop solvent evaporating
  5. the different dye in the ink will move up the paper at a different rate so the dyes will separate out
  6. if any of the dyes in the ink are insoluble they’ll stay on the baseline
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22
Q

what does filtration separate

A

insoluble solids from liquids

23
Q

two ways to separate soluble solids from solutions

A

evaporation
crystallisation

24
Q

what does distillation involve

A

boiling the mixture then condensing the gas to produce a liquid by cooling it down

25
Q

what is distillation

A

separation technique that separates a liquid from a mixture

26
Q

what is fractional distillation used to separate

A

two or more liquids which have different boiling points

27
Q

what is fractional distillation useful for (examples)

A

separating ethanol from a mixture of ethanol and water
separating different fractions from crude oil

28
Q

what did the plum pudding model suggest

A

that the atom is a ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded in it

29
Q

what did the alpha particle scattering experiment lead to

A

the conclusion that the mass of an atom was concentrated at the centre and that the nucleus was charged

29
Q

who adapted the nuclear model by suggesting that electrons
orbit the nucleus at specific distances

A

Niels Bohr

30
Q

who provided the evidence
to show the existence of neutrons within the nucleus

A

james chadwick

31
Q

what is the relative atomic mass of an element

A

average value that takes account of the abundance of the isotopes of the element

32
Q

electronic structure in each cell rule

A

2 in first
8 in second
8 in third

33
Q

elements in the same group in the periodic table have the same number of….

A

electrons in their outer shell

34
Q

before the discovery of protons, neutrons and electrons, how did scientists classify the elements

A

by arranging them in order of
their atomic weights

35
Q

who left gaps for elements that he thought had not been discovered

A

Mendeleev

36
Q

difference between metals and non metals

A

metal = shiny, high melting points, good conductors of electricity and heat
non metals = dull, low melting points, bad conductors of electricity and heat

37
Q

what are elements in group 0 called

A

noble gases

38
Q

are noble gases reactive or unreactive

A

unreactive

39
Q

why don’t noble gases easily form molecules

A

because their atoms have stable arrangement of electrons

40
Q

how many electrons do noble gases have in their outer shell

A

8
except for helium which has 2

41
Q

trend of noble gases

A

boiling point and relative atomic mass increases as you go down the group

42
Q

what are elements in group 1 called

A

alkali metals

43
Q

how many electrons in the outer shell of alkali metals

A

1

44
Q

trend of alkali metals

A

increased reactivity as you go down the group

45
Q

what are elements in group 7 called

A

halogens

46
Q

what are halogens

A

non metals that consist of molecules made of pairs of atoms

47
Q

trend of halogens

A

relative molecular mass, boiling point and melting point increases as you go down the group
the reactivity decreases as you go down

48
Q

what happens when lithium reacts with water

A

lithium floats
it fizzes steadily and becomes smaller until it eventually disappears

49
Q

what happens when lithium reacts with oxygen

A

strong red flame

50
Q

what happens when sodium reacts with chlorine

A

orange flame and clouds of white sodium chloride

51
Q

what happens when sodium reacts with oxygen

A

orange flame

52
Q

what happens when sodium reacts with water

A

the sodium melts to form a ball that moves around on the surface it fizzes rapidly before it disappears

chemistry (10 decks)

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