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AQA GCSE (9-1) Chemistry Higher > C1 Atomic Structure > Flashcards

C1 Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

How many discovered elements are there?

A

There are 118 discovered elements

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2
Q

What is a compound?

A

A compound is a chemical that is made of two or more elements

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3
Q

What are the key features of a chemical reaction?

A
  • Compounds are broken up or formed
  • At least one new substance is created
  • Measurable energy change
  • No atoms are created or destroyed
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4
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Mixtures are made of 2 or more substances (elements or compounds) that haven’t been chemically combined

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5
Q

What does filtration separate?

A

Filtration separates mixtures of insoluble (can’t dissolve) solids and liquids

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6
Q

How does Filtration work?

A
  • Filtration is done by pouring the mixture through filter paper
  • The insoluble solid is trapped
  • The liquid runs through the paper and is collected below
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7
Q

What does Chromatography separate?

A

Chromatography separates solutions with a number of different solutes (solids) in the solvent (liquid)

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8
Q

How do you perform Chromatography?

A
  • Place a drop of the solution to be separated near the bottom of a piece of chromatography paper
  • Dip the very bottom of the paper into a suitable solvent
  • The solvent (liquid) moves up the paper and carries the solutes (solids) in the solution with it
  • Different solutes (solids) move at different speeds, so they separate on the paper
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9
Q

What does Crystallisation separate?

A

Crystallisation separates dissolved solid (solute) in a solution from a liquid (solvent)

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10
Q

How do you perform Crystallisation?

A
  • Heat the mixture so that the solvent evaporates
  • Eventually, crystals of the solute (dissolved solids) will form
  • We can collect the solvent (liquid) by condensing it as it evaporates
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11
Q

What does distillation separate?

A

Distillation is a special technique used to separate mixtures of liquids

It uses the different boiling points of liquids to separate them

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12
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Fraction Distillation separates lots of liquids with different boiling points

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13
Q

How does Fractional Distillation work?

A
  • The mixture is slowly heated until the liquid with the lowest boiling point boils and then condenses
  • Then we increase temperature slowly to collect (boil then condense) the other fractions
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14
Q

What does simple distillation separate?

A

Simple Distillation separates two liquids with different boiling points

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15
Q

How does Simple Distillation work?

A
  • The mixture is heated until the liquid with the lower boiling point starts to boil
  • The vapour released passes through a condenser, where the gas cools back into a liquid
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16
Q

What are the main methods to separate mixtures?

A
  • Fractional Distillation
  • Simple Distillation
  • Filtration
  • Chromatography
  • Crystallisation
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17
Q

What atomic model did J.J. Thompson come up with?

A

J.J Thompson came up with the Plum Pudding Model in 1897

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18
Q

What is the Plum Pudding Model?

A

The ‘plum pudding’ model is a ball of positive charge, with negatively charged electrons mixed in with the ball

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19
Q

What atomic model did Ernest Rutherford come up with?

A

Rutherford came up with the nuclear model, in 1909, where he discovered alpha particles could bounce back off atoms

20
Q

How did Rutherford’s model improve our understanding of atoms?

A

Rutherford concluded that an atom’s mass is concentrated in the atom’s centre. This was called the “nucleus” and it contained positively charged particles called protons

21
Q

What did Niels Bohr discover about the atom?

A

Niels Bohr discovered that electrons orbit (fly around) the nucleus at fixed distances

22
Q

What did James Chadwick discover about the atom?

A

In 1932, James Chadwick discovered that some particles in the nucleus have no charge at all. He called them neutrons

23
Q

What did the Plum Pudding model look like?

A
24
Q

What did Rutherford’s atomic model look like?

A
25
Q

pWhat did Bohr’s atomic model look like?

A
26
Q

What did Chadwick’s atomic model look like?

A
27
Q

What is the relative mass of Electrons?

A

1/1840

28
Q

What is the Relative mass of a Neutron or Proton?

A

1

29
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but different number of nutrons (eg. Deuterium is a isotope of Hydrogen that has 1 proton and 1 neutron)

30
Q

How do you calculate the relative atomic mass of multiple isotopes?

A

Σ(Isotope abundance × Isotope Mass Number) / Σ Isotope Abundance (100)

31
Q

What are the 3 isotopes of Hydrogen?

A
  • Deuterium
  • Protium
  • Tritium
32
Q

What are the properties of Metals?

A
  • High melting and boiling points
  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • They are all solids (except for mercury) at room temperature
33
Q

What are the properties of Non-metals?

A
  • Lower melting and boiling points
  • Often found as gases
  • Generally do not conduct heat or electricity
34
Q

What are the properties of Noble Gases?

A
  • Inert - non-reactive
  • Monomatic - Single atoms
  • Low Boiling Points
  • Low Density
35
Q

What are the properties of Halogens?

A
  • Low melting/boiling points
  • Very reactive (gets less reactive as you go down the group)
36
Q

What group are Halogens in?

A

Halogens are found in Group 7

37
Q

What groups are Noble Gases in?

A

Noble Gases are found in Group 0

38
Q

Which group are Alkali Metals found?

A

Alkali Metals are found in Group 1

39
Q

What colour of solution is produced when a metal chloride is dissolved in water?

A

Colourless

40
Q

Where are transition metals found?

A

The transition metals are found in the middle of the periodic table, in between group 2 and 3

41
Q

What are the properties of Transition Metals?

A
  • High Melting Points
  • Low Reactivity
  • High Density
  • Great strength and Hardness
42
Q

What is a displacement reaction?

A

A displacement reaction is when a more reactive element replaces another weaker element in a compound

43
Q

What is the method to make pure copper sulfate salts?

A
  1. Measure 40 cm3 sulfuric acid into the 100 cm3 beaker.

The volume does not need to be very accurate, so you can use the graduations on the beaker.

  1. Set up the tripod, gauze and heatproof mat. Heat the acid gently using the Bunsen burner until it is almost boiling. Turn off the Bunsen burner
  2. Use the spatula to add small amounts of copper (II) oxide powder. Stir with the glass rod.
  3. Continue to add copper (II) oxide if it keeps disappearing when stirred. When the copper (II) oxide disappears the solution is clear blue.Stop adding the copper (II) oxide when some of it remains after stirring. Allow apparatus to cool completely
  4. Set up the filter funnel and paper over the conical flask. Use the clamp stand to hold the funnel. Filter the contents of the beaker from step 3
  5. When filtration is complete, pour the contents of the conical flask into the evaporating basin. Evaporate this gently using a water bath (250 cm3 beaker with boiling water) on the tripod and gauze (see diagram). Stop heating once crystals start to form.
  6. Transfer the remaining solution to the crystallising dish. Leave this in a cool place for at least 24 hours.
  7. Remove the crystals from the concentrated solution with a spatula. Gently pat the crystals dry between two pieces of filter paper. These are pure dry crystals of copper (II) sulfate
44
Q

What equipment would you use to make copper sulfate salts?

A
45
Q

What equipment will you use to remove the unwanted copper oxide and make the copper sulfate pure?

A

AQA GCSE (9-1) Chemistry Higher (12 decks)

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