C1 - atomic structure Flashcards

1
Q

the periodic table is arranged by…

A

atomic/proton number

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2
Q

what never changes about an element?

A

number of protons

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3
Q

how did Mendeleev rearrange the periodic table?

A

he reversed the order of some elements so they fitted in groups of reactivity

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4
Q

why did Mendeleev leave gaps in the periodic table?

A

he realised some elements were still undiscovered

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5
Q

how was Mendeleev’s table arranged?

A

in order of protons, not mass

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6
Q

number of protons = ?

A

atomic number

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7
Q

number of neutrons = ?

A

mass number minus atomic number

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8
Q

number of electrons = ?

A

number of protons

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9
Q

how are electrons arranged?

A

in shells

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10
Q

how many electrons can the 4th shell hold?

A

2

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11
Q

what does the group number tell us about the electrons?

A

number of electrons an element has in the outer shell

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12
Q

where are protons and neutrons located?

A

in the nucleus

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13
Q

where are electrons located?

A

in shells orbiting the nucleus

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14
Q

describe the plum pudding model

A

ball of positive charge with negative electrons embedded throughout

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15
Q

what did Rutherford suggest about electrons to prove the nuclear model incorrect?

A

they orbit the nucleus

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16
Q

how did Bohr develop the nuclear model further?

A

he suggested electrons were in shells orbiting a nucleus of protons

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17
Q

name a similarity between the plum pudding model and the nuclear model

A

both have negative and positive charges

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18
Q

what did James Chadwick discover in 1932?

A

neutrons

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19
Q

describe the results from the alpha scattering experiment

A

a few particles deflected, most went straight through

20
Q

what did the alpha scattering experiment prove?

A

there’s a small area of high positive charge called the nucleus

21
Q

define isotopes

A

atoms of the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

22
Q

describe the properties of alkali (group 1) metals

A

shiny when cut but darken quickly as they react with oxygen in the air, low density

23
Q

how do alkali metals react with water?

A

by fizzing and the metal dissolving

24
Q

what does the fizzing tell us about water reacting with alkali metals?

A

hydrogen gas is being made

25
Q

alkali metals become more reactive as you…

A

go down the group

26
Q

why are alkali metals more reactive going down the group?

A

outer shell gets further away from the positive attraction of the nucleus, so more easy to lose outer shell electron

27
Q

what are group 0 gases also known as?

A

noble gases

28
Q

describe the properties of noble gases

A

inert and exist as single atoms as they have full outer shells of electrons

29
Q

the boiling point of noble gases increases as you…

A

go down the group

30
Q

describe the properties of group 7 elements (halogens)

A

non-metals which consist of diatomic molecules

31
Q

the melting/boiling point of halogens increase as you…

A

go down the group

32
Q

as you go down the group, halogens become…

A

less reactive

33
Q

why do halogens become less reactive down the group?

A

the outer electrons get further away from the attraction of the nucleus, so it’s harder to gain an electron

34
Q

describe the properties of transition metals

A

high melting points, dense, strong and hard, less reactive with water and oxygen

35
Q

compare group 1 metals with transition metals

A

lower melting points, less dense, more reactive with water and oxygen

36
Q

many transition metals have ions with…

A

different charges

37
Q

what type of compound do many transition metals form?

A

coloured compounds

38
Q

transition metals are frequently used as…

A

catalysts such as iron in the Haber process

39
Q

what does filtration separate?

A

an insoluble solid from a liquid using filter paper and a funnel

40
Q

what does crystallisation separate?

A

solids from solutions

41
Q

describe the process of crystallisation

A

heat solution until it becomes saturated, leave to cool and evaporate leaving behind dry crystals

42
Q

what does simple distillation separate?

A

liquid from solution

43
Q

describe the process of simple distillation

A

heat mixture of liquids, boil, condense vapour and collect in a separate container

44
Q

what does fractional distillation separate?

A

liquids of different boiling points

45
Q

describe the process of f. distillation

A

heat mixture of liquids, boil, vapour rises up fractionating column, condenses and is collected in separate container

46
Q

why do you use a pencil to draw a line during paper chromatography?

A

pencil marks are insoluble, so won’t dissolve in solvent or rise up filter paper