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GCSE AQA Chemistry > C1 Atomic Structure > Flashcards

C1 Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an atom?

A

Very small particles which can only be seen with special microscopes. Everything is made of atoms

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

Substances made of one type of atom

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3
Q

How are elements represented with symbols?

A

The first letter is always capital and it can be one or two letter. The word of the symbol usually origins from the Latin word

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

Atoms of at least two different types bonded together. They require a chemical reaction to be broken up

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5
Q

What happens to atoms in a reaction?

A

The number and type of atoms are still the same, they have just been rearranged to make new compounds

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6
Q

How do you know if an equation is balance?

A

If there is the same number of each atom in the reactants and products

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7
Q

Law of conservation of mass

A

Mass is never gained or loss in a chemical reaction

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8
Q

What happens to the atoms in a chemical reaction?

A

Rearranged into different compounds. No new atoms are created and no atoms disappear

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9
Q

What is a Independent Variable?

A

Cause, controlled - the one thing you change

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10
Q

What is a Dependent Variable?

A

Effect - Depends on the independent variable

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11
Q

What is a Control Variable?

A

What remains constant and unchanging

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12
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Groups of atoms, elements, and compounds that are mixed but not bonded

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13
Q

What is filtration?

A

To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid. E.g. sand and water

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14
Q

What is crystallisation ?

A

Used to purify substances. Often when a solid substance is placed into a liquid, it dissolves. The way to separate the soluble solid is to evaporate off the solvent

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15
Q

Solute

A

A solid that can dissolve in a solvent

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16
Q

Solvent

A

A substance that dissolves a solute

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17
Q

Solution

A

Mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent

18
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

Used to separate a liquid from a solution. The liquid evaporates from solution, then it cools and condenses. This works due to the different boiling points of liquids.

19
Q

Why is it difficult for simple distillation to separate pure liquids from mixtures of similar boiling points?

A

A vapour is given off from each liquid before the actual boiling point, so the liquids might not be completely pure

20
Q

What is fractional distillation for?

A

Separate miscible liquids (liquids that mix) that have different boiling points. E.g. making whisky and vodka, separating petrol from crude oil…

21
Q

How does fractioning column work?

A

Temperature is highest at the bottom. A substance with a high boiling point will condense at the bottom. A substance with a lower boiling point will rise through the column towards the top

22
Q

Soluble

A

It will dissolve

23
Q

Solubility

A

A measure of how much a substance dissolves

24
Q

Saturated

A

No more will and can dissolve

25
Q

What is chromatography for?

A

Testing water samples, detect drugs, detect pesticides, forensics, detect additives

26
Q

How does chromatography work?

A

Separate mixture according to the size of their particles. As the solvent rises through the paper, it dissolves the sample mixture, which then travel up the paper. Small particle travel further than large particles, due to the difference in solubility and their attractions with the paper

27
Q

John Dalton 1766-1844 Atoms

A

Published his ideas about atoms in 1803.
- Thought that all matter was made of tiny particles called
atoms
- Imagined as tiny spheres that could not be divided.
It was only a theory

28
Q

J.J. Thomson 1856-1940

A

Discovered the electron in 1897.
Proposed a sphere of positively charge with negatively charged electrons spread through it
The Plum Pudding model

29
Q

Ernest Rutherford 1871-1937

A

Carried out experiments in Manchester in 1909
- Fired alpha particles at a piece of thin gold foil
- Alpha particles are positively charged
Conclusion that the atom is made up of a small central nucleus surrounded by electrons
Called the nuclear model which replaced the plum pudding model

30
Q

Rutherford’s conclusions

A

Most alpha particles go straight through -> Most of the atom is empty space
Some alpha particles were deflected and few were reflected -> Small, positively charged nucleus in the centre of the atom

31
Q

Niels Bohr 1885-1962

A

Adapted the nuclear model in 1913
- Electrons orbit the nucleus at specific distances
- Now called the electron shells

32
Q

James Chadwick 1891-1971

A

Discovered the neutron in 1932
- Provided the evidence to show the existence of neutrons within the nucleus
- Explains where the added mass came from (already had evidence of protons)

33
Q

Whag does the atomic number show?

A

Number of protons
It is the smaller number on the periodic table for each atom

34
Q

Number of electrons

A

Equal to the number of protons if the atom has a neutral charge

35
Q

Number of neutrons

A

Mass number - Atomic number

36
Q

Mass number

A

Number of electrons + number of protons

37
Q

Electronic Configuration

A

1st shell holds a maximum of 2 electrons. 2nd and 3rd shell holds a maximum of 8 electrons

38
Q

What makes an element?

A

Defined by the number of protons. If the number of protons changes, it is a different element.

39
Q

What happens when there is a different number of electrons?

A

It will stay the same element if the number of protons doesn’t change. However, electrons have a negative charge, so if an electron is taken away, it will become a positive ion and if an electron is given, the atom will become a negative ion (balanced protons and electrons make the atom neutral)

40
Q

What is an ion?

A

Gaining or losing an electron turns an atom into an ion
- Gaining turns it into a negative ion (more electrons than protons)
- Losing turns it into a positive ion (more protons than electrons)

41
Q

What happens when the number of neutrons changes?

A
  • Neutrons do not have a charge so the charge of the atom will remain.
  • Neutrons have a mass of 1 so the mass of the atom will change
  • Number of protons stays the same so it will be the same atom but with a different mass number
    This is called an Isotope
42
Q

What is an isotope?

A
  • Have the same chemical properties because it is still the same type of atom
  • Mass changes so physical properties can change. E.g. boiling point.
  • Each element can have different isotopes. Mass number in the periodic table represents the average mass of the different isotopes

GCSE AQA Chemistry (15 decks)

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