C1 Atomic Structure Flashcards
What are atoms
The smallest particle of a chemical elements
What constitutes atoms
A positively charges nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron
What subatomic particles make up atoms
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
What are protons’ relative charge
+1
What are electrons’ relative charge
-1
What are neutrons’ relative charge
0
What is the nucleus
The centre of the atom where protons and neutrons are concentrated
What are electrons shells
Regions around atoms’ nuclei where electrons can be found
What are protons’ relative mass
1
What are neutrons’ relative mass
1
What are electrons’ relative mass
0.0005
often rounded to 0
What is relative mass
The mass of atoms in atomic mass units
What are AMU
A unit of mass equal to 1/12 of a carbon-12 atoms
What is the overall charge of atoms
No overall charge
Atoms contain the same number of protons and electrons, their charges cancel each other out
What is a compound
A combination of (at least two different) elements’ atoms
What are groups
A column of elements on the periodic table
Elements of the same group have similar properties
What happens in a chemical reaction
Molecules are broken up or formed
At least one new substance is formed
Energy measurably changes
No atoms are created or destroyed
What do chemical equations show
The reactants and products in a reaction
What are reactants
Chemicals reacting with each other in a reaction
They are found on the left of chemical equations
What are products
Chemicals formed in a reaction
They are found on the right of chemical equations
What are balanced equations
An equation with the same amount of reactant and product atoms
What is the Law of conservation of mass
The total mass of the products formed in a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants
What are state symbols
Symbols that describe the state of reactants and products
s) solid
(l) liquid
(g) gas
(aq) aqueous (dissolved in water
What are mixtures
A mix of (two or more) substances that are not chemically combined
Mixtures can be separated
What are separation techniques
Physical processes that separate components of a mixture
What does crystallisation do
Separates solutions into solutes and solvents
How is crystallisation performed
The mixture is heated, evaporating the solvent which can be collected through condensation
Crystals of the solute are formed
What does filtration do
Separates soluble and insoluble mixtures
How is filtration performed
The mixture is poured through filter paper
The insoluble mixture is caught by the paper
The soluble mixture runs through the paper and is collected bellow
What does chromatography do
Separates solutes from a solution
How is chromatography performed
Place a sample of solution at the bottom of a piece of chromatography paper
Dip the bottom of the paper into a suitable solvent
The solvent moves up the paper and carries the solutes
Different solutes move at different speeds, separating on the paper
What does simple distillation do
Separates two liquids (with different boiling points)
Separates a solute from a solvent (when the solvent has a lower boiling temperature than the solute)
How is simple distillation performed
The mixture is heated until the liquid with the lower boiling point boils
The vapour is collected through condensation
The other liquid (solute) is left behind
What does fractional distillation do
Separates a mixture of liquids (with different boiling points)
How is fractional distillation performed
The mixture is heated until the liquid with the lowest boiling point boils and then condenses
The mixture is further heated to collect (boil and condense) other fractions (liquids)
