C1 - Air and Water Flashcards
solid (4)
1.strong forces of attraction
2.which holds them close together in fixed positions 3.to form a very regular lattice arrangement
4. they vibrate in fixed postions
liquid
1.weaker than solids
randomly arranged and free to move past each other
constantly moving with random motion
hotter the liquid gets, the faster they move
gases
separated and no attraction between them
free to move and are far apart
move constantly with random motion
what is an exothermic reaction?
is a reaction which gives out energy to the surroundings. This is usually shown be a rise in temperature of the surroundings
what is an endothermic reaction?
takes in energy from the surroundings. this is usually shown by a fall in temperature of the surroundings
what is activation energy?
is the minimum amount of energy needed for bonds to break and a reaction to start.
What are the 3 main stages in the evolution of the earth’s atmosphere?
phase 1: volcanoes emitted large amounts of gas
phase 2: earth cooled, oceans formed, and algae evolved
phase 3: plants and algae produced oxygen
what are combustion reactions?
when you burn substances in oxygen
what is complete combustion and what are the products?
when you burn hydrocarbons in plenty of oxygen
the only products are co2 and water
what does incomplete combustion produce?
carbon monoxide
carbon in the form of soot
co2 and water
what can the products of incomplete combustion cause?
- Carbon monoxide can combine with haemoglobin in red blood cells and stop you blood from carrying oxygen
- particles of carbon can deposit as soot, which reduces air quality, can cause/worsen respiratory problems
what can cause acid rain
Nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide mix with clouds and form dilutes, which causes acid rain. This can also cause ground-level air pollution and respiratory problems
what are catalytic converters?
removes nitrogen oxides from exhaust gases
consequences of climate change
- increase of global temp could lead to increased melting of polar icecaps; increased flooding
- change in rainfall patterns can cause regions to get too much / too less
- frequency and severity of storms may increase
what is the greenhouse effect?
the retention of heat in the atmosphere caused by the build-up of greenhouse gases
how can we reduce the amount of greenhouse gases we produce?
renewable / nuclear energy uses instead of fossils
using more efficient resources
what is the chlorine test?
chlorine bleaches damp blue litmus paper, turning it white
what is the oxygen test?
if you put a glowing splint inside a test tube containing oxygen, it will relight the glowing splint
what is the hydrogen test?
if u hold a lit splint at the open end of a test tube containing hydrogen, you get a “squeaky pop”
what is the carbon dioxide test?
bubbling carbon dioxide through an aqueous solution of carbon hydroxide makes the solution turn cloudy
what is potable water?
water that is fit to drink
what is aeration with ground water?
the water is mixed with air to increase the levels of dissolved oxygen. this forces other dissolved gases out of the water
what are the steps to filter water?
- filtration of solid impurities
- air pumped through water to encourage aerobic bacteria
- additional stages of treatment such as uv
what is chlorination?
chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria and other microbes
is bond breaking exothermic or endothermic?
endothermic because energy is required to break bonds
