C1 Flashcards
Atoms are_____
the smallest piece of an element that can exist
all substances are made of atoms.
What do atoms contain?
Protons, neutrons and electrons
Particle Relative mass Charge
and where its found in the atom
Proton in nucleus
Mass= 1
Charge= +1
Neutron in nucleus
Mass= 1
Charge= 0
Electron in shells
Mass= very small(0)
Charge= -1
Atoms radius and nucleus size
Radius= 0.1 nm Nucleus= 1/10000 radius
Number of protons=
=number of protons
What does an elements mass number equal?
What does an elements atomic number equal?
Mass number= protons + neutrons
Atomic number= protons
Elements are_____
a substance made up of the same type of atoms, shown on the periodic table
Isotopes are_____
different types of the same element
same no.protons different no.neutrons
Isotope example (H)
1H 2H 3H
1 1 1
Protium Deuterium Tritium
Protium Deuterium Tritium for_____
Protium for plastics
Deuterium for nuclear fusion
Tritium for thermonuclear fusion weapons
Relative atomic mass (Ar) is_____
the average mass of all the isotopes of an element
Relative atomic mass formula
sum of(isotope abundance x isotope mass number/
sum of abundances of all the isotopes
Example: Ar of chlorine
Isotope abundances:
75% 35Cl
25% 37Cl
Ar= (0.75 x 35) / (0.25 x 37)
= 35.5
Compounds are_____
A chemical bonding of atoms from at least 2 different elements
Ionic compounds naming… for 2/3
metal + (first syllable of non-metal)+ide
metal + (first syllable of non-metal)+ate
Key features of a chemical reaction
- compounds broken up or formed
- at least 1 new substances created
- measurable energy change
- no atoms created or destroyed
Chemical equations order
Reactants ——– products
Mixtures are_____
Example
Separated by
made of two or more substances that aren't chemically combined Air -heating -cooling -filtering
Separation techniques
- Crystallisation
- filtration
- chromatography
- simple distillation
- fractional distillation
The model of the atom changes over time
1) Dalton model- atoms are indivisible spheres
2) Thomson’s plum pudding model- electrons
3) Rutherford’s nuclear model- nucleus
4) Bohr’s modern model- electrons orbit nucleus
5) James Chadwick- neutrons
Electronic structure configuration
2, 8, 8
The closer the shell is to the nucleus___
the lower its energy
The periodic table history
Newland’s table- ordered by mass
Mendeleev’s table- added gaps for undiscovered elements
Modern table- filled gaps and ranked by atomic number (protons)
Group 0
Noble gases
- stable
- unreactive as they have full outer shell
- B.P increases as you go down
Group 7
Halogens
- 7 outer electrons
- gain 1 electron when reacting
- Less reactive as you go down the group
Group 1
Alkali metals
Lithium
-least reactive
-burns red flame when in O2
Sodium
- more reactive then lithium
- burns yellow/orange flame when in O2
Potassium
- most reactive
- burns purple when in O2
Chemical bonds
Ionic -metals and non Covalent -two non-metals Metallic -positively charged ions and negatively charged delocalised electrons
