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Question 1

what isthe relationship between metals and ions.

Answer 1

Candidates should know that metals lose electrons to
form positive ions, whereas non-metals gain electrons to
form negative ions. Knowledge of such transfers is
limited to single electrons

Question 2

Aluminium and titanium cannot be extracted from
their oxides by reduction with carbon. Current
methods of extraction are expensive because:

Answer 2

■ there are many stages in the processes

■ large amounts of energy are needed.

Question 3

why is the blast furnace used.

Answer 3

blast furnace iron being used as cast iron because of its

strength in compression.

Question 4

what are high carbonsteels
low carbon
stainless steels?

Answer 4

s. Low-carbon
steels are easily shaped, high-carbon steels are
hard, and stainless steels are resistant to corrosion.

Question 5

name the properties of transition metals

Answer 5

they are good conductors of heat and
electricity and can be bent or hammered into
shape. They are useful as structural materials
and for making things that must allow heat or
electricity to pass through them easily

Question 6

copper does not react with water-true/false

Answer 6

true

Question 7

what is a mixture

Answer 7

A mixture consists of two or more elements or
compounds not chemically combined together.
The chemical properties of each substance in
the mixture are unchanged. It is possible to
separate the substances in a mixture by
physical methods including distillation

Question 8

what happens during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels

Answer 8

The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases
energy. During combustion the carbon and
hydrogen in the fuels are oxidised.

Question 9

descrobe the process of cracking

Answer 9

Hydrocarbons can be cracked to produce smaller,
more useful molecules. This process involves heating
the hydrocarbons to vaporise them. The vapours are
either passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam
and heated to a very high temperature so that thermal
decomposition reactions then occur

Question 10

what doemulsifiers provide

Answer 10

They provide better texture, coating
ability and appearance, for example in salad dressings,
ice creams, cosmetics and paints

Question 11

what are vegtable oils

Answer 11

Vegetable oils that are unsaturated contain double
carbon–carbon bonds. These can be detected by
reacting with bromine water

Question 12

how are vegtable oilshardened for usein foods

Answer 12

Vegetable oils that are unsaturated contain double
carbon–carbon bonds. These can be detected by
reacting with bromine water

Question 13

what are the three main parts of the earths crust

Answer 13

core, mantle and crust

Question 14

describe the earths mantle

Answer 14

Convection currents within the Earth’s mantle driven
by heat released by natural radioactive processes
cause the plates to move at relative speeds of a
few centimetres per year

Question 15

how are earthquakes formed

Answer 15

The movements can be sudden and disastrous.
Earthquakes and / or volcanic eruptions occur at
the boundaries between tectonic plates.

Question 16

how much nitrogeon and oxygen is in the air

Answer 16

■ about four-fifths (80%) nitrogen

■ about one-fifth (20%) oxygen

Question 17

how were the oceans formed in the early atmosphere

Answer 17

During the first billion years of the Earth’s existence
there was intense volcanic activity. This activity
released the gases that formed the early atmosphere
and water vapour that condensed to form the oceans

Question 18

was there oxygen at the start of the world

Answer 18

no

Question 19

what was the miller-urey theory

Answer 19

One theory as to how life was formed involves
the interaction between hydrocarbons,
ammonia and lightning.

Question 20

what do plants andalgae do in the earths atmosphere

Answer 20

plants and algae
produce oxygen by a process called photosynthesis
and that this process uses carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere.

Question 21

what mostly happens to c02 in the air

Answer 21

carbon dioxide dissolves
in the oceans and that limestone was formed from the
shells and skeletons of marine organisms. Fossil fuels
contain carbon and hydrocarbons that are the remains
of plants and animals.

Question 22

what do theoceans do for c02

Answer 22

The oceans also act as a reservoir for carbon dioxide
but increased amounts of carbon dioxide absorbed
by the oceans has an impact on the marine
environment

Question 23

describe air

Answer 23

Air is a mixture of gases with different boiling
points and can be fractionally distilled to provide
a source of raw materials used in a variety of
industrial processes.