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Chemistry C123 > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the air (or atmosphere)?

A

a mixture of gases

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2
Q

Other than N,O and Ar what does the atmosphere contain?

A

Water vapor and Carbon Dioxide.

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3
Q

Why are clouds and dust not part of the air?

A

Clouds are water or ice and dust is a solid.

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4
Q

Why is there a lot of empty space between gas molecules?

A

Particles are very small.

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5
Q

Why can gases be squeezed into a smaller volume?

A

because there is lots of space between gas molecules.

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6
Q

What does oxygen react with most metals to form?

A

solid metal oxides.

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7
Q

How can we find the percentage of oxygen in the air?

A

by passing air over heated copper.

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8
Q

When was the earth’s atmosphere formed?

A

4 billion years ago

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9
Q

What was the earth’s atmosphere formed by 4 billion years ago?

A

volcanos

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10
Q

What do volcanoes release?

A

huge amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapour (and lava and dust).

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11
Q

What are some processes that have removed almost all CO2 from the early atmosphere?

A
  • 4 Billion years ago the Earth’s atmosphere was very hot.
  • As the Earth cooled, oceans formed from the condensed water.
  • About 3 million years ago simple bacteria-like creatures evolved using photosynthesis.
  • This removed CO2 from the air, and released oxygen, allowing animals to evolve.
  • CO2 was removed by plants and animals dying and becoming buried.
  • Over millions of years some of the buried materials became fossil fuels.
  • CO2 dissolved in oceans reacts with salts to form insoluble calcium carbonate.
  • This forms sediments which become buried and cemented to form sedimentary rocks.
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12
Q

What did scientists believe about the composition of the Earth’s early atmosphere 60 years ago?

A

That the early atmosphere was largely ammonia and methane.

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13
Q

What have recent rock composition discoveries shown about the composition of the earth atmosphere?

A

That the early ideas were not correct and the early atmosphere was largely CO2.

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14
Q

Where are fuels used?

A

In factories, power stations, for transport and in homes.

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15
Q

What are pollutants?

A

gases that are harmful to health.

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16
Q

How are humans changing the gases in the atmosphere?

A

by burning fuels

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17
Q

What are some examples of pollutants?

A

Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide.

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18
Q

What are pollutants harmful to?

A

the environment and to the people and animals living there.

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19
Q

What is ‘good’ and ‘poor’ air quality?

A

‘Good’ air quality is if it has very few pollutants.

‘Poor’ air quality is if it has lots of pollutants.

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20
Q

What does carbon monoxide reduce?

A

the amount of oxygen blood can carry.

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21
Q

What can burning fuels release?

A

Carbon dioxide and solid particulates that float in the air (e.g. carbon).

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22
Q

How are particulates released naturally?

A

as ash from volcanoes

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23
Q

In the last 50 years, by how much has the amount of CO2 increased by?

A

25%.

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24
Q

What does burning down forests to make more farmland do?

A

increases CO2 and particulates.

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25
Q

What happens when air pollution levels are high?

A

more deaths from asthma, heart disease and lung disease occur.

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26
Q

What pollutants cause acid rain?

A

sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.

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27
Q

What does acid rain damage?

A

plants and animals.

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28
Q

What negative effect on humans do sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides have?

A

asthma triggers.

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29
Q

What are small amounts of carbon dioxide in the air measured in?

A

parts per million (ppm).

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30
Q

What does 1ppm mean?

A

that there is 1 gram of the pollutant substance in 1 million grams of air.

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31
Q

What are other pollutant gases- Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide measured in?

A

parts per billion (ppb).

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32
Q

What are the amount s of pollutant gases measured in?

A

air quality monitoring stations throughout the UK.

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33
Q

What is a correlation?

A

a link between a factor and an outcome.

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34
Q

What is needed to establish a casual link?

A

evidence to show that changing a particular factor is the only cause of a particular outcome.

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35
Q

What is needed for any fuel to burn and release energy?

A

Oxygen.

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36
Q

What is a hydrocarbon made up of?

A

only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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37
Q

Fossil fuels such as petrol, diesel and fuel oil are mainly…

A

hydrocarbons.

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38
Q

What is coal?

A

a fossil fuel mainly made up of carbon atoms.

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39
Q

What is the equation for when a hydrocarbon fuel burns?

A

Hydrocarbon fuel + Oxygen —> Carbon dioxide + Water (+Energy).

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40
Q

What is oxidation?

A

when oxygen is added to a substance.

41
Q

What is reduction?

A

when oxygen is removed from a substance.

42
Q

What is combustion?

A

An oxidation reaction.

43
Q

Can gases in the atmosphere be separated?

A

Yes

44
Q

What does pure oxygen do when fuels burn?

A

makes them burn more rapidly and at higher temperatures.

45
Q

What happens to elements in chemical reactions?

A

they are rearranged to make new compounds.

46
Q

What happens to atoms in a chemical reaction?

A

they do not change. They get rearranged to make new substances.

47
Q

What do non-metal elements join to form in chemical reactions?

A

molecules.

48
Q

The numbers and types of elements in the reactants are the…

A

same as in the products.

49
Q

Why is mass conserved in a reaction?

A

Because all the atoms in the reactants are just arranged into the products.

50
Q

What does solid yellow sulfur burn to form?

A

a colorless gas called sulfur dioxide.

51
Q

Is sulfur soluble?

A

no

52
Q

What does sulfur dioxide dissolve in water to make?

A

an acid solution.

53
Q

What do fossil fuels contain?

A

Small amounts of sulfur from the plants and animals that formed them.

54
Q

Sulfur + oxygen —->

A

Sulfur dioxide

55
Q

Why was it discovered that aquatic life was dying in the 1970s?

A
  • Scientists were able to use data to explain that sulfur dioxide caused acid rain.
  • Acid rain lowers to pH when it falls on land or enclosed water, harming living things or eroding carbonate rock.
56
Q

Why is acid rain called an indirect pollutant?

A

Because it does not affect humans directly.

57
Q

Why do power stations and transport make the most pollution?

A

because they burn the most fuel.

58
Q

When fuel burns what is ALWAYS made?

A

CO2

59
Q

When fuel burns, when is sulfur formed?

A

if the fuel burning contains sulfur.

60
Q

If not enough air is available to burn the fuel:

A
  • Poisonous carbon monoxide is made

- bits of solid carbon (soot) called particulates are made, making surfaces they land on dirty.

61
Q

What do car engines produce?

A

nitrogen oxides when nitrogen and oxygen from the air react at high temperatures.

62
Q

What do pollutants produced by car engines contribute to?

A

acid rain

63
Q

Why do air quality measurements need repeating many times?

A

because results vary. On dry, hot and calm days, air pollutants can be trapped in cities.

64
Q

Where is nitrogen monoxide formed?

A

in furnaces and engines are a temperature of about 1000 C.

65
Q

What do different pollutants form and react with air to produce?

A

smog, acid rain & climate change.

66
Q

What are carbon monoxide and particulate carbon formed during?

A

incomplete combustion

67
Q

What happens when nitrogen monoxide is released into the atmosphere?

A

it cools. It then reacts with more oxygen to form toxic nitrogen dioxide, a brown gas.

68
Q

Both NO and NO2 pollutants can be in the air and so what is used to represent both of them?

A

NOX

69
Q

What does NOX damage?

A

buildings, contributes to acid rain and can affect health.

70
Q

What do chemical formulae show?

A

how many atoms are joined together.

71
Q

When are pollutants removed from the air?

A
  • particulate carbon settles on surfaces and makes them dirty.
  • sulfur and nitrogen oxides react wit water and oxygen to produce a mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid in rain (acid rain).
  • carbon dioxide is used by plants for photosynthesis.
  • carbon dioxide dissolved in rain water and in oceans.
72
Q

What do climate scientists do?

A

They take the mean value of many measurements for each pollutant, which is a good estimate of a true value.

73
Q

What does reducing electricity reduce?

A

fossil fuel use in power stations.

74
Q

What do new electrical products use?

A

less electricity, bust some is wasted if they are left on standby.

75
Q

What is a benefit of burning oil and gas over burning coal?

A

less sulfur dioxide is produced.

76
Q

can sulfur be removed from oil and gas before it is burnt?

A

yes

77
Q

Is it easy or hard to remove oil and gas from coal?

A

hard

78
Q

What are power stations developing?

A

ways of reducing pollution by cleaning waste gases.

79
Q

What do power stations use to remove solid particulates?

A

electrostatic filters.

80
Q

How can sulfur dioxide be removed from waste gases?

A

flue gas desulfurisation.

81
Q

What are the two ‘Wet scrubbing methods’ used to remove sulfur dioxide from power station waste gases?

A
  1. Using an alkaline slurry of calcium oxide(lime) and water to make gypsum (calsium sulfate), which can be sold as plaster.
  2. Using sea water, a natural alkaline which absorbs sulfur dioxide.
82
Q

What does burning less fuel reduce?

A

the amount of carbon dioxide gas released.

83
Q

What are some ways to reduce our use of fossil fuels?

A
  • using alternative energy sources
  • improving building insulation
  • walking, cycling or using public transport.
84
Q

What is an alternative to fossil fuels?

A

biofuels.

85
Q

what is biofuel made from?

A

plans

86
Q

What are some examples of biofuels?

A

wood chips, palm oil and alcohol made from sugar.

87
Q

Biofuels are ‘carbon neutral’. What does this mean?

A

that when they are burned they release the same amount of CO2 that the plant originally took from the air to grow.

88
Q

What is needed to grow biofuels?

A

large areas of land.

89
Q

What needs to be done to meet the energy demand?

A

Less fossil fuels need to be burnt and alternatives need to be found. This will also reduce pollution.

90
Q

What does gas produce less of than coal for the same amount of energy released?

A

CO2.

91
Q

Fossil fuels are not renewable or…

A

sustainable.

92
Q

Air pollution from vehicles can be reduced by:

A
  • using cars less, especially for short journeys.
  • using cleaner fuels and removing pollutants from exhausts.
  • making public transport cheaper, more frequent and available in more places.
93
Q

What do modern vehicles have?

A

more efficient engines that use less fuel.

94
Q

what do catalytic converters contain?

A

a platinum catalyst that allows pollutant gases to react with eachother.

95
Q

What is happening in the reaction between carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide, which produces nitrogen and carbon dioxide?

A
  • Carbon monoxide gains oxygen so it is oxidized

- nitrogen monoxide loses oxygen so it is reduced.

96
Q

What does low sulfur fuels reduce in public transport?

A

sulfur dioxide emissions.

97
Q

what are enforced by strict MOT tests for cars?

A

legal limits for exhaust emissions.

98
Q

What is one advantage and one disadvantage of electric cars in terms of pollution?

A

Advantage- they do not give out pollutant gases when being used.
Disadvantage- however, the electricity produced by fossil fuel power stations used for charging does.

Chemistry C123 (3 decks)

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