C1 Flashcards
Where is the nucleus located inside an atom?
In the middle
What charge do Protons, Neutrons and Electrons have?
Proton=Positive Neutrons=Neutral Electrons=Negative
The number of Protons=
The number of Electrons
What is C?
Carbon
What is O?
Oxygen
What is Fe?
Iron
How reactive are Group 1 elements?
Very reactive
How reactive are Group 0 elements?
Unreactive
What number of electrons are allowed in the 1st,2nd and 3rd shells?
1st=2 2nd=8 3rd=8
What is the electronic structure for nitrogen?
2,5
What is ionic bonding?
Giving or receiving electrons, opposite charges of the ions attract
What type of ions do metals form?
Positive
What type of ions do non metals form?
Negative
What is covalent bonding?
Sharing electrons
Are the properties of compounds the same or different to the original elements?
Different
What does a formula show?
What atoms are in a compound
Carbon + Oxygen —–>
Carbon Dioxide
What is limestone?
Calcium Carbonate
when limestone thermally decomposes what does it produce?
Calcium Oxide and Carbon Dioxide
What has calcium carbonate reacted with if calcium sulphate + carbon dioxide + water have been produced?
Sulfuric Acid
What other carbonates also react with acids and thermally decompose, other than calcium carbonate?
Magnesium, Copper, Zinc and Sodium
What does calcium carbonate and water produce?
Calcium Hydroxide
What is a use of Calcium Hydroxide?
Neutralising acidic soils
If Calcium Hydroxide can neutralise acidic soil what must it be?
An alkali
What can Calcium Hydroxide test for?
Carbon dioxide
What is the name for the solution of calcium hydroxide and water?
Limewater
What can powered limestone be turned into?
Cement
What can cement be used to produce?
Concrete
When limewater turns cloudy what does that mean?
Carbon Dioxide is present
What does the carbon dioxide turn into when it is added to limewater?
Calcium carbonate
What are the three stages of the limestone cycle?
Heat, add water and carbonated
What is limestone damaged by?
Acid rain
What are five environmental problems of mining limestone?
Produces ugly holes, makes a lot of noise and dust, destroys habitats, waste produces tips.
What two problems are caused by making things out of limestone?
Cement factories create dust and cause breathing problems, energy is needed usually from burning fossil fuels
What are five positives of limestone?
Produces useful products, neutralises acidic soil, neutralise sulphur dioxide, creates jobs and restoration of the quarry area
What is meant by the term ore?
A rock which contains enough metal to make it worthwhile extracting the metal from it
What is the main aluminium ore?
Bauxite
Name how the economics of extracting metal can change?
Market price can drop or rise making it either better or worse to extract it.
Technology can improve to allow more metal to be extracted
Name two ways metal can be extracted?
Reduction and electrolysis
What prevents metal being extracted by carbon?
Being more reactive than carbon
Name a metal that can be reduced with carbon?
Zinc, Iron, Tin or copper
Name a metal that cannot be reduced with carbon?
Aluminium, magnesium, calcium, sodium or potassium
How does reduction work?
Metal ore is reacted with carbon which takes the oxygen away from the ore to leave a pure metal
Which process, reduction or electrolysis is more expensive?
Electrolysis
What is one reason for electrolysis being so expensive?
Uses a lot more energy, needs to be at a higher temperature
Copper is ………….. by electrolysis
Purified
What does electrolysis mean?
Splitting up with electricity
What is a requirement for electrolysis?
Electrolyte to conduct electricity
What happens to the anode and cathode in electrolysis?
The loses mass and the cathode gains mass
What is the anode and cathodes made from?
The anode is made of impure metal and the cathode is made of pure metal
What is a way to extract metal other than electrolysis or reduction?
Displacement
What metal can be used to displace copper sulphate and why?
Scrap iron, because iron is more reactive than copper
How does a displacement reaction work?
a more reactive metal is added to a less reactive metal solution, the more reactive metal bonds stronger the non-metal part of the solution and kicks out the less reactive metal.
What are two modern ways to extract copper from low grade ores?
Bioleaching and Phytomining
Explain Bioleaching
Bacteria is used to separate copper and copper sulfate. The bacteria get energy from the bond between copper and sulphur, separating the copper from the ore in the process. The leachate (waste solution) can be filtered and copper obtained
Explain Phytomining
Growing plants in soil which contains copper, the plants cant use the copper so it builds up. Then you harvest, dry and burn the plant. Copper can then be collected from the ash.
What is an advantage and disadvantage to phytomining and bioleaching?
Smaller impact on the environment.
Slow to produce copper.
