C1

Question 0

What is slaked lime? How is it made?

Answer 0

Quicklime + water
(Calcium oxide)

Slaked lime= calcium hydroxide

Question 1

What things are needed to harden an oil?(3)

What happens to the oil?

Answer 1

Nickel catalyst, 60°, hydrogen

The unsaturated oil becomes saturated

Question 2

What products are produced when fuel burns?

What harmful chemicals also may be produced?(3)

Answer 2

Carbon dioxide and water

Sulphur dioxide- impurities- acid rain
Carbon monoxide- incomplete combustion
Nitrogen oxides- poisonous
Particulates- global dimming

Question 3

What are the conditions needed for cracking a hydrocarbon?

What is this reaction an example of?

Answer 3

800° and a catalyst

Thermal decomposition

Question 4

What is used in phytomining to extract metals?

Answer 4

Plants

Question 5

Why are alloy metals stronger?

Answer 5

The atoms in pure metal are arranged in layers which can easily slide over each other
In alloys delays cannot slide so easily because atoms of other elements change the regular structure

Question 6

What properties do the transition metals have?

Answer 6

Metallic
Malleable
Strong
High Melting Point

Question 7

How can we test for alkenes?

Answer 7

Reacting it with bromine water

An unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene) will turn the yellow/orange bromine water colourless

Question 8

Describe how polymers join together (4)

Answer 8

Alkene monomers

At high temp and pressure (with catalyst)

Double bond between carbon opens up

Replaced by single bond

Addition polymerisation

Question 9

What do you unsaturated oils contain?

How can we detect them?

Answer 9

Carbon-carbon double bonds.

Reacting them with bromine or iodine makes a colourless solution.

Question 10

what is the name of saturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 10

Alkanes

Question 11

What is the chemical formula for an alkene?

What are they?

Answer 11

CnH2n

Unsaturated. Double bond between carbon atoms

Question 13

What do you catalytic converters do?

Answer 13

Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxides—> carbon dioxide + nitrogen

Question 14

What is used to separate crude oils?

Answer 14

Fractional Distillation

Question 15

What is a thermosoftening plastic?

Answer 15

A polymer with weak intermolecular forces
as it is a tangled web of very long chain molecules
Molecules can’t pack closely together
They melt when heated

Question 16

What do you get when you thermally decompose calcium carbonate (limestone)?

Answer 16

Quicklime (calcium oxide)

Question 17

How are metals extracted from their ores?

What is the name of this reaction?

Answer 17

Depending on their place in the reactivity series. A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its ore.

Reduction reaction

Question 18

What is hardening a vegetable oil?

How does it work?

Answer 18

Making them hydrogenated.

Reacting them with hydrogen with a nickel catalyst and 60°

It replaces the carbon carbon double bonds with carbon carbon single bonds. This allows the molecules to sit next to each other better.

Question 20

What is extracted in a blast furnace?

What is used?

Answer 20

Iron
Haematite - iron ore
Coke- carbon (coal)
Limestone- to remove impurities

Question 20

What is the chemical formula for alkanes?

Answer 20

CnH2n+2

Question 21

How do emulsifiers work? (3)

Answer 21

One end is attracted to oil- hydrophobic

The other end is attracted to water-hydrophilic

It suspends the oil droplets in the water so they do not separate

Question 22

How does chromatography work?(2)

Answer 22

It separates different compounds based on how well they dissolve in a particular solvent.

The solubility then determines how far they travel across the surface (e.g. chromatography paper)

Question 23

What is Mass spectrometry?(2)

Answer 23

A mass spectrometer can be used for identifying elements and compounds.

It measures the relative formula mass of substances placed in it for analysis, which can then be used to identify a sample.

Question 24

Name 4 advantages of using biodiesel as fuels?

Answer 24

less harmful to animals and plants.

Is spelt, breaks down about 5 x faster than diesel

Produces less pollutants when burnt- cleaner

CO2 neutral

Question 25

How is Ethanol made from sugar cane?(2)

Answer 25

Fermented with water and yeast

Question 26

What are the names of the two ends of an emulsifier?

Answer 26

Hydrophillic

Hydrophobic

Question 27

Describe the properties of the mantle? (2)

Answer 27

Nearly 3000km thick

Behaves like a solid, flows in places like a liquid very slowly

Question 28

What 2 elements are the Earths core made of?

Answer 28

Nickel

Iron

Question 29

Describe how the continents were formed (5)

Answer 29

Originally one big continent- Pangaea

Earths crust and lithosphere is cracked into tectonic plates

Deep in the earth radioactive decay produces a lot of energy

This heats up molten minerals in mantle which expand and become less dense so rise

They cool and fall again- Convection currents

Push the plates

Question 30

How did the earths atmosphere change to how it is today? How did water get here?

Answer 30

Volcanoes released CO2, h20 and nitrogen gas

Water condensed - oceans

Icy Comets brought water too

Algae evolved which photosynthesised- less co2 more O2