C1 Flashcards
What is slaked lime? How is it made?
Quicklime + water
(Calcium oxide)
Slaked lime= calcium hydroxide
What things are needed to harden an oil?(3)
What happens to the oil?
Nickel catalyst, 60°, hydrogen
The unsaturated oil becomes saturated
What products are produced when fuel burns?
What harmful chemicals also may be produced?(3)
Carbon dioxide and water
Sulphur dioxide- impurities- acid rain
Carbon monoxide- incomplete combustion
Nitrogen oxides- poisonous
Particulates- global dimming
What are the conditions needed for cracking a hydrocarbon?
What is this reaction an example of?
800° and a catalyst
Thermal decomposition
What is used in phytomining to extract metals?
Plants
Why are alloy metals stronger?
The atoms in pure metal are arranged in layers which can easily slide over each other
In alloys delays cannot slide so easily because atoms of other elements change the regular structure
What properties do the transition metals have?
Metallic
Malleable
Strong
High Melting Point
How can we test for alkenes?
Reacting it with bromine water
An unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene) will turn the yellow/orange bromine water colourless
Describe how polymers join together (4)
Alkene monomers
At high temp and pressure (with catalyst)
Double bond between carbon opens up
Replaced by single bond
Addition polymerisation
What do you unsaturated oils contain?
How can we detect them?
Carbon-carbon double bonds.
Reacting them with bromine or iodine makes a colourless solution.
what is the name of saturated hydrocarbons?
Alkanes
What is the chemical formula for an alkene?
What are they?
CnH2n
Unsaturated. Double bond between carbon atoms
What do you catalytic converters do?
Carbon monoxide + nitrogen oxides—> carbon dioxide + nitrogen
What is used to separate crude oils?
Fractional Distillation
What is a thermosoftening plastic?
A polymer with weak intermolecular forces
as it is a tangled web of very long chain molecules
Molecules can’t pack closely together
They melt when heated
What do you get when you thermally decompose calcium carbonate (limestone)?
Quicklime (calcium oxide)
How are metals extracted from their ores?
What is the name of this reaction?
Depending on their place in the reactivity series. A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its ore.
Reduction reaction
What is hardening a vegetable oil?
How does it work?
Making them hydrogenated.
Reacting them with hydrogen with a nickel catalyst and 60°
It replaces the carbon carbon double bonds with carbon carbon single bonds. This allows the molecules to sit next to each other better.
What is extracted in a blast furnace?
What is used?
Iron
Haematite - iron ore
Coke- carbon (coal)
Limestone- to remove impurities
What is the chemical formula for alkanes?
CnH2n+2
How do emulsifiers work? (3)
One end is attracted to oil- hydrophobic
The other end is attracted to water-hydrophilic
It suspends the oil droplets in the water so they do not separate
How does chromatography work?(2)
It separates different compounds based on how well they dissolve in a particular solvent.
The solubility then determines how far they travel across the surface (e.g. chromatography paper)
What is Mass spectrometry?(2)
A mass spectrometer can be used for identifying elements and compounds.
It measures the relative formula mass of substances placed in it for analysis, which can then be used to identify a sample.
Name 4 advantages of using biodiesel as fuels?
less harmful to animals and plants.
Is spelt, breaks down about 5 x faster than diesel
Produces less pollutants when burnt- cleaner
CO2 neutral
How is Ethanol made from sugar cane?(2)
Fermented with water and yeast
What are the names of the two ends of an emulsifier?
Hydrophillic
Hydrophobic
Describe the properties of the mantle? (2)
Nearly 3000km thick
Behaves like a solid, flows in places like a liquid very slowly
What 2 elements are the Earths core made of?
Nickel
Iron
Describe how the continents were formed (5)
Originally one big continent- Pangaea
Earths crust and lithosphere is cracked into tectonic plates
Deep in the earth radioactive decay produces a lot of energy
This heats up molten minerals in mantle which expand and become less dense so rise
They cool and fall again- Convection currents
Push the plates
How did the earths atmosphere change to how it is today? How did water get here?
Volcanoes released CO2, h20 and nitrogen gas
Water condensed - oceans
Icy Comets brought water too
Algae evolved which photosynthesised- less co2 more O2
