C1 Flashcards
is the study of all the physical and chemical processes that take place in organisms in order for them to perform all the functions and activities associated with living.
Physiology
can be studied at the molecular level all the way up to the level of entire organisms, and includes everything in between like cells, tissues, organs, and body systems.
Physiology
believed that the body contained four important fluids called the “four humors”: phlegm, blood, yellow bile, and black bile.
Hippocrates
developed cell theory, which hypothesized that the body was made up of billions of individual cells.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
He believed that if there was any disturbance in the amounts of these fluids in the body and their ratios to each other, a person would suffer from ill health.
Hippocrates
This theory was developed through the use of the compound microscope, a tool that became widespread in the 19th century and allowed for the advancement of many types of scientific knowledge
Cell Theory
The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to _______________, who performed pioneering research on treating diphtheria and tetanus.
Emil von Behring
He injected healthy animals with weakened forms of the bacteria that caused these diseases, and their immune responses made the bacterial toxins harmless.
Emil von Behring
researchers study how cells carry out their processes and interact with each other. Two areas of interest include how molecules are transported across the cell membrane and how neurons transmit electrical impulses.
Cell physiology:
looks at how physiology changes during embryonic development and also across the lifespan of an organism.
Developmental physiology:
looks at how physiology has changed over many generations through evolution. It can incorporate behavior, sexual selection, and changes based on geographic range, among other factors.
Evolutionary physiology
this subfield emerged in the 1990s. It is the mathematical modeling of biological systems, and often focuses on components such as metabolism and cell-to-cell signaling. Researchers use computational models to better understand biological processes.
Systems physiology (also known as systems biology):
the study of the processes that occur in the body during physical exercise. It also looks at the effects of exercise, some of which are long-term.
Exercise physiology:
consists of fluid between and around bodily tissue. Although technically a “virtual” space, the interstitial fluid bathes all the cells in the body and links between intracellular fluid and the intravascular compartment.
interstitial fluid
contains nutrients, oxygen, waste, chemical messengers, and a small amount of protein.
contains the lymphatic system, which returns protein and excess ISF into the
interstitial fluid
is the only fluid compartment that exists as a real fluid collection all in 1 space.
Plasma
is a component of blood and is said to be the “interstitial fluid of the blood” as it bathes the suspended red and white cells, which also reside in the blood.
Plasma
can be caused by a myriad of pathogens but is classically associated with isosmotic volume contraction. As the lost fluid isosmotic, there is no net effect on intracellular fluid; the only change is a decrease in ECF
Diarrhea
In this condition, the body can either not produce ADH or the kidneys cannot respond to it, leading to a hyperosmotic volume contraction. In either case, there is a decrease in free water reabsorption from the distal tubules, leading to free water loss. In this scenario, the osmolarity of the ECF increases, leading to an inflow of water from the ICF to the ECF, leading to ICF volume constriction.
Diabetes Insipidus -
In this case, there is low aldosterone, primarily leading to decreased tubular sodium absorption and hypoosmotic volume contraction.In this case, sodium and water loss lead to decreased ECFV and decreased ECF osmolarity. Due to this decreased osmolarity, water shifts into the intracellular compartment, leading to ICFV expansion. Due to the decreased solute reabsorption, ICF osmolarity also decreases.
Adrenal Insufficiency—
Often found in kidney failure. BUN can increase. However, an isolated state of increased urea would not cause a shift in the volume of either compartment nor would it lead to a change in osmolarity. This is because these changes are only accompanied by the addition or subtraction of free water or an osmotically active particle, meaning a particle that cannot freely cross the cell membrane.As urea can freely cross the cell, it is considered non-osmotically active and, therefore, would not change osmolarity, thereby not leading to any shift of water balance.
Uremia
refers to a relatively stable set of conditions within an organism’s internal environment.
Homeostasis
is a fundamental concept in physiology that refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Homeostasis
Conditions Maintained by Homeostasis
The first condition is that there must be a proper concentration of gases, nutrients, water, and salts.
The second important condition for homeostasis is an optimum temperature that is around 3
The third and final condition is an optimum pressure,
