C1 Flashcards
a nonmetallic chemical element with atomic number 6 that readily forms compounds with many other elements and is a constituent of organic compounds in all known living tissues.
Carbon
What is the simplest organic compound?
Methane
It is a structure that shows the bonding relationship between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons in the molecule.
Lewis dot structure by Gilbert N. Lewis
The rule that refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell.
Octet rule
What kind of bonds result when electrons are unequally shared between atoms?
Polar covalent bonds
What is the kind of bond that results when electrons are more equally shared between atoms?
Nonpolar covalent bonds
It is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.
Ionic bonding
These are elements that are very reactive and contains seven valence electrons in its outermost electron shell.
Halogens
_____ metals are very reactive chemical species that readily lose their one valence electron to form ionic compounds with nonmetals.
Alkali metals
It is the sticking together of particles of the same substance.
Cohesion
It is defined as two differing molecules joining together.
Adhesion
It is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.
Surface tension
What occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules?
Capillary action
Why does ice float in liquid water?
Ice floats because it is less dense than the water.
more exp: when water freezes, it expands. that same mass now takes up more space.
This is a property of water that helps regulate global climate, as the oceans slowly absorb and release heat, preventing rapid swings in temperature.
The high heat capacity of water
These are made up of sugars and the simplest of them are monosaccharides.
Carbohydrates
It is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose. It's commonly known as “table sugar” but it can be found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and nuts.
Sucrose
These are major classes of biomolecules. They are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides
Why can't we eat grass?
Humans cannot digest grass as they lack the microbes that synthesize enzymes involved in cellulose digestion.
What is the stored form of glucose?
Glycogen
What is our body's main source of energy?
Glucose
Where are glycogen stored?
liver and skeletal muscles (the muscles attached to your bones and tendons), with small amounts in your brain.
There are the primary long-term energy storage molecules of the body.
Fats (lipids)
It is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water.
Lipids
What are the monomers of fats?
Glycerol (a naturally occurring alcohol), and fatty acids
The monomers of carbohydrates
Glucose
It is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. They feature prominently in butter, oils, and white parts of meat.
Triglyceride
Type of fat that tend to stay solid at room temperature. They have the greatest number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds in their chemical structure.
Saturated fat
Type of fat that stay liquid at room temperature and are less likely to clog your arteries. Their chemical structure contains one or more double bonds.
Unsaturated fat
In unsaturated fat, If hydrogens are present in the same plane, it is referred to as a ___ fat; if the hydrogen atoms are on two different planes, it is referred to as a ___ fat.
Cis, trans
Monomers of proteins
Amino acids
This is the group that sets the amino acids apart. It determines the shape and function of an amino acid.
R group
The reserve food molecule of plants.
Starch
It is the reserve food molecule of animals.
Glycogen
These are another class of lipid molecules, identifiable by their structure of four fused rings.
Steroids
These are long, wavy structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell.
Flagella
These are short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells or substances along the outer surface of the cell.
Cilia
These are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.
Prokaryotes
These are cells that have other organelles besides the nucleus.
Eukaryotes
Encloses the cell contents in animal cells.
Plasma membrane
It is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. it contains water and nutrients.
Cytoplasm
the type of protoplasm that makes up the cell nucleus
Nucleoplasm
It is a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move.
Endoplasmic reticulum
A type of ER that helps make lipids and is not bounded by ribosomes.
Smooth ER
A type of ER bound with ribosomes, that helps in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.
Roung ER
It is the protein synthesizer in cells.
Ribosomes
A cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.
Golgi body/Golgi apparatus
A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid. ___ inside cells move substances into or out of the cell.
Vesicles
The waste treatment plants and the recycling centers of cells.
Lysosomes
the largest nuclear organelle not surrounded by a membrane and is the primary site of ribosome subunit biogenesis in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleolus
the repository of genetic information and as the cell's control center.
Nucleus
Powerhouse of the cell, where respiration takes place. ENERGY>ATP.
Mitochondria
___ transport involves the movement of molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration with the use of energy.
Active
___ transport involves the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration and no amount of energy is required.
Passive
It is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane.
Osmosis
If a cell is placed in a ___ solution, these things happen:
- net flow of water out of the cell, cell lose volume and shrink
- solute concentration is higher than cell’s inside
Hypertonic
If cell is placed in a ___ solution, these things happen:
- net flow of water into the cell, cell gains volume and expand
- solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside of cell
Hypotonic
In an ___ solution, no net movement of water will take place.
Isotonic
It is the passive movement of molecules or particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion
A type of proteins that allow the passage of stuff like water and ions without using energy.
Channel proteins
are a family of small transmembrane proteins that mainly facilitate water transport across plasma membranes through an aqueous pore
Aquaporins
This is a protein pump found in the cell membrane of neurons (and other animal cells).
It is a type of active transport that acts to transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane in a ratio of 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ions brought in.
Sodium potassium pump
During ___ transport, larger substances or large packages of small molecules are transported through the cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, by way of vesicles.
Vesicular transport or bulk transport
occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell.
Exocytosis
It is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.
Endocytosis
What are the three types of endocytosis?
There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
It is a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it.
Phagocytosis
It is an active, energy consuming process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles.
Pinocytosis
___ endocytosis uses special receptor proteins to help carry large particles across the cell membrane.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
The passive transport that requires membrane proteins to transport biological molecules.
Facilitated diffusion
___ are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food in plants.
Plastids
When plants wilt, their soft stems, and leaves begin to droop because ______ lose water and cells lose the turgor pressure.
Central vacuoles
It is how we derive energy from the food we eat-specifically from glucose.
Cellular respiration
Currency of biological energy
ATP
ATP breakdown into ADP and Pi is called ___ because it consumes a water molecule.
Hydrolysis
The steps involved in cellular respiration are?.
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation/the electron transport chain
It is the breaking up of glucose's 6 carbon ring into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acids or pyruvate molecules. It invests 2ATPs to generate 4ATPs for a net profit of 2 ATPs.
Glycolysis
This process of cellular respiration is anaerobic and happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. A total of 2 ATP is derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O).
Glycolysis
With the absence of oxygen in the cell, it needs more of NAD+ to keep glycolysis going. This process frees up NAD+, which happens to create byproduct like ethyl alcohol in yeasts and lactic acid in humans (why you're sore after exercising).
Fermentation
The aerobic processes of cellular respiration
The Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation
It is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This happens in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
The Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA combines with ____ in the Krebs cycle to form the six-carbon atom citric acid.
oxaloacetic acid
It is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The electron transport chain
plant vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides physical support.
Xylem
is a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange.
Stomata
individual photons from the sun are absorbed in the plant by a pigment called
Chlorophyll
this stores chlorophyll and are stacked into grana. inside is called lumen and outside is stroma.
Thylakoids
light-independent reactions or dark reactions is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.
Calvin cycle
