C1

Question 1

a nonmetallic chemical element with atomic number 6 that readily forms compounds with many other elements and is a constituent of organic compounds in all known living tissues.

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

What is the simplest organic compound?

Answer 2

Methane

Question 3

It is a structure that shows the bonding relationship between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons in the molecule.

Answer 3

Lewis dot structure by Gilbert N. Lewis

Question 4

The rule that refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell.

Answer 4

Octet rule

Question 5

What kind of bonds result when electrons are unequally shared between atoms?

Answer 5

Polar covalent bonds

Question 6

What is the kind of bond that results when electrons are more equally shared between atoms?

Answer 6

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 7

It is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.

Answer 7

Ionic bonding

Question 8

These are elements that are very reactive and contains seven valence electrons in its outermost electron shell.

Answer 8

Halogens

Question 9

_____ metals are very reactive chemical species that readily lose their one valence electron to form ionic compounds with nonmetals.

Answer 9

Alkali metals

Question 10

It is the sticking together of particles of the same substance.

Answer 10

Cohesion

Question 11

It is defined as two differing molecules joining together.

Answer 11

Adhesion

Question 12

It is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.

Answer 12

Surface tension

Question 13

What occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules?

Answer 13

Capillary action

Question 14

Why does ice float in liquid water?

Answer 14

Ice floats because it is less dense than the water.

more exp: when water freezes, it expands. that same mass now takes up more space.

Question 15

This is a property of water that helps regulate global climate, as the oceans slowly absorb and release heat, preventing rapid swings in temperature.

Answer 15

The high heat capacity of water

Question 16

These are made up of sugars and the simplest of them are monosaccharides.

Answer 16

Carbohydrates

Question 17

It is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose. It's commonly known as “table sugar” but it can be found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and nuts.

Answer 17

Sucrose

Question 18

These are major classes of biomolecules. They are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides.

Answer 18

Polysaccharides

Question 19

Why can't we eat grass?

Answer 19

Humans cannot digest grass as they lack the microbes that synthesize enzymes involved in cellulose digestion.

Question 20

What is the stored form of glucose?

Answer 20

Glycogen

Question 21

What is our body's main source of energy?

Answer 21

Glucose

Question 22

Where are glycogen stored?

Answer 22

liver and skeletal muscles (the muscles attached to your bones and tendons), with small amounts in your brain.

Question 23

There are the primary long-term energy storage molecules of the body.

Answer 23

Fats (lipids)

Question 24

It is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water.

Answer 24

Lipids

Question 25

What are the monomers of fats?

Answer 25

Glycerol (a naturally occurring alcohol), and fatty acids

Question 26

The monomers of carbohydrates

Answer 26

Glucose

Question 27

It is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. They feature prominently in butter, oils, and white parts of meat.

Answer 27

Triglyceride

Question 28

Type of fat that tend to stay solid at room temperature. They have the greatest number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds in their chemical structure.

Answer 28

Saturated fat

Question 29

Type of fat that stay liquid at room temperature and are less likely to clog your arteries. Their chemical structure contains one or more double bonds.

Answer 29

Unsaturated fat

Question 30

In unsaturated fat, If hydrogens are present in the same plane, it is referred to as a ___ fat; if the hydrogen atoms are on two different planes, it is referred to as a ___ fat.

Answer 30

Cis, trans

Question 31

Monomers of proteins

Answer 31

Amino acids

Question 32

This is the group that sets the amino acids apart. It determines the shape and function of an amino acid.

Answer 32

R group

Question 33

The reserve food molecule of plants.

Answer 33

Starch

Question 34

It is the reserve food molecule of animals.

Answer 34

Glycogen

Question 35

These are another class of lipid molecules, identifiable by their structure of four fused rings.

Answer 35

Steroids

Question 36

These are long, wavy structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell.

Answer 36

Flagella

Question 37

These are short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells or substances along the outer surface of the cell.

Answer 37

Cilia

Question 38

These are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.

Answer 38

Prokaryotes

Question 39

These are cells that have other organelles besides the nucleus.

Answer 39

Eukaryotes

Question 40

Encloses the cell contents in animal cells.

Answer 40

Plasma membrane

Question 41

It is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. it contains water and nutrients.

Answer 41

Cytoplasm

Question 42

the type of protoplasm that makes up the cell nucleus

Answer 42

Nucleoplasm

Question 43

It is a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move.

Answer 43

Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 44

A type of ER that helps make lipids and is not bounded by ribosomes.

Answer 44

Smooth ER

Question 45

A type of ER bound with ribosomes, that helps in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.

Answer 45

Roung ER

Question 46

It is the protein synthesizer in cells.

Answer 46

Ribosomes

Question 47

A cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

Answer 47

Golgi body/Golgi apparatus

Question 48

A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid. ___ inside cells move substances into or out of the cell.

Answer 48

Vesicles

Question 49

The waste treatment plants and the recycling centers of cells.

Answer 49

Lysosomes

Question 50

the largest nuclear organelle not surrounded by a membrane and is the primary site of ribosome subunit biogenesis in eukaryotic cells.

Answer 50

Nucleolus

Question 51

the repository of genetic information and as the cell's control center.

Answer 51

Nucleus

Question 52

Powerhouse of the cell, where respiration takes place. ENERGY>ATP.

Answer 52

Mitochondria

Question 53

___ transport involves the movement of molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration with the use of energy.

Answer 53

Active

Question 54

___ transport involves the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration and no amount of energy is required.

Answer 54

Passive

Question 55

It is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane.

Answer 55

Osmosis

Question 56

If a cell is placed in a ___ solution, these things happen: - net flow of water out of the cell, cell lose volume and shrink - solute concentration is higher than cell’s inside

Answer 56

Hypertonic

Question 57

If cell is placed in a ___ solution, these things happen: - net flow of water into the cell, cell gains volume and expand - solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside of cell

Answer 57

Hypotonic

Question 58

In an ___ solution, no net movement of water will take place.

Answer 58

Isotonic

Question 59

It is the passive movement of molecules or particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Answer 59

Diffusion

Question 60

A type of proteins that allow the passage of stuff like water and ions without using energy.

Answer 60

Channel proteins

Question 61

are a family of small transmembrane proteins that mainly facilitate water transport across plasma membranes through an aqueous pore

Answer 61

Aquaporins

Question 62

This is a protein pump found in the cell membrane of neurons (and other animal cells). It is a type of active transport that acts to transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane in a ratio of 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ions brought in.

Answer 62

Sodium potassium pump

Question 63

During ___ transport, larger substances or large packages of small molecules are transported through the cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, by way of vesicles.

Answer 63

Vesicular transport or bulk transport

Question 64

occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell.

Answer 64

Exocytosis

Question 65

It is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.

Answer 65

Endocytosis

Question 66

What are the three types of endocytosis?

Answer 66

There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Question 67

It is a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it.

Answer 67

Phagocytosis

Question 68

It is an active, energy consuming process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles.

Answer 68

Pinocytosis

Question 69

___ endocytosis uses special receptor proteins to help carry large particles across the cell membrane.

Answer 69

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 70

The passive transport that requires membrane proteins to transport biological molecules.

Answer 70

Facilitated diffusion

Question 71

___ are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food in plants.

Answer 71

Plastids

Question 72

When plants wilt, their soft stems, and leaves begin to droop because ______ lose water and cells lose the turgor pressure.

Answer 72

Central vacuoles

Question 73

It is how we derive energy from the food we eat-specifically from glucose.

Answer 73

Cellular respiration

Question 74

Currency of biological energy

Answer 74

ATP

Question 75

ATP breakdown into ADP and Pi is called ___ because it consumes a water molecule.

Answer 75

Hydrolysis

Question 76

The steps involved in cellular respiration are?.

Answer 76

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation/the electron transport chain

Question 77

It is the breaking up of glucose's 6 carbon ring into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acids or pyruvate molecules. It invests 2ATPs to generate 4ATPs for a net profit of 2 ATPs.

Answer 77

Glycolysis

Question 78

This process of cellular respiration is anaerobic and happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. A total of 2 ATP is derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O).

Answer 78

Glycolysis

Question 79

With the absence of oxygen in the cell, it needs more of NAD+ to keep glycolysis going. This process frees up NAD+, which happens to create byproduct like ethyl alcohol in yeasts and lactic acid in humans (why you're sore after exercising).

Answer 79

Fermentation

Question 80

The aerobic processes of cellular respiration

Answer 80

The Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation

Question 81

It is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This happens in the inner membrane of mitochondria.

Answer 81

The Krebs Cycle

Question 82

Acetyl-CoA combines with ____ in the Krebs cycle to form the six-carbon atom citric acid.

Answer 82

oxaloacetic acid

Question 83

It is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Answer 83

The electron transport chain

Question 84

plant vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides physical support.

Answer 84

Xylem

Question 85

is a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange.

Answer 85

Stomata

Question 86

individual photons from the sun are absorbed in the plant by a pigment called

Answer 86

Chlorophyll

Question 87

this stores chlorophyll and are stacked into grana. inside is called lumen and outside is stroma.

Answer 87

Thylakoids

Question 88

light-independent reactions or dark reactions is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.

Answer 88

Calvin cycle