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Crash course biology > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a nonmetallic chemical element with atomic number 6 that readily forms compounds with many other elements and is a constituent of organic compounds in all known living tissues.

A

Carbon

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2
Q

What is the simplest organic compound?

A

Methane

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3
Q

It is a structure that shows the bonding relationship between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons in the molecule.

A

Lewis dot structure by Gilbert N. Lewis

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4
Q

The rule that refers to the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell.

A

Octet rule

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5
Q

What kind of bonds result when electrons are unequally shared between atoms?

A

Polar covalent bonds

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6
Q

What is the kind of bond that results when electrons are more equally shared between atoms?

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds

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7
Q

It is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.

A

Ionic bonding

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8
Q

These are elements that are very reactive and contains seven valence electrons in its outermost electron shell.

A

Halogens

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9
Q

_____ metals are very reactive chemical species that readily lose their one valence electron to form ionic compounds with nonmetals.

A

Alkali metals

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10
Q

It is the sticking together of particles of the same substance.

A

Cohesion

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11
Q

It is defined as two differing molecules joining together.

A

Adhesion

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12
Q

It is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.

A

Surface tension

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13
Q

What occurs when the adhesion to the walls is stronger than the cohesive forces between the liquid molecules?

A

Capillary action

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14
Q

Why does ice float in liquid water?

A

Ice floats because it is less dense than the water.

more exp: when water freezes, it expands. that same mass now takes up more space.

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15
Q

This is a property of water that helps regulate global climate, as the oceans slowly absorb and release heat, preventing rapid swings in temperature.

A

The high heat capacity of water

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16
Q

These are made up of sugars and the simplest of them are monosaccharides.

A

Carbohydrates

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17
Q

It is a disaccharide made of glucose and fructose. It's commonly known as “table sugar” but it can be found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and nuts.

A

Sucrose

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18
Q

These are major classes of biomolecules. They are long chains of carbohydrate molecules, composed of several smaller monosaccharides.

A

Polysaccharides

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19
Q

Why can't we eat grass?

A

Humans cannot digest grass as they lack the microbes that synthesize enzymes involved in cellulose digestion.

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20
Q

What is the stored form of glucose?

A

Glycogen

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21
Q

What is our body's main source of energy?

A

Glucose

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22
Q

Where are glycogen stored?

A

liver and skeletal muscles (the muscles attached to your bones and tendons), with small amounts in your brain.

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23
Q

There are the primary long-term energy storage molecules of the body.

A

Fats (lipids)

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24
Q

It is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water.

A

Lipids

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25
Q

What are the monomers of fats?

A

Glycerol (a naturally occurring alcohol), and fatty acids

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26
Q

The monomers of carbohydrates

A

Glucose

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27
Q

It is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. They feature prominently in butter, oils, and white parts of meat.

A

Triglyceride

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28
Q

Type of fat that tend to stay solid at room temperature. They have the greatest number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds in their chemical structure.

A

Saturated fat

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29
Q

Type of fat that stay liquid at room temperature and are less likely to clog your arteries. Their chemical structure contains one or more double bonds.

A

Unsaturated fat

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30
Q

In unsaturated fat, If hydrogens are present in the same plane, it is referred to as a ___ fat; if the hydrogen atoms are on two different planes, it is referred to as a ___ fat.

A

Cis, trans

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31
Q

Monomers of proteins

A

Amino acids

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32
Q

This is the group that sets the amino acids apart. It determines the shape and function of an amino acid.

A

R group

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33
Q

The reserve food molecule of plants.

A

Starch

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34
Q

It is the reserve food molecule of animals.

A

Glycogen

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35
Q

These are another class of lipid molecules, identifiable by their structure of four fused rings.

A

Steroids

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36
Q

These are long, wavy structures that extend from the plasma membrane and are used to move an entire cell.

A

Flagella

37
Q

These are short, hair-like structures that are used to move entire cells or substances along the outer surface of the cell.

A

Cilia

38
Q

These are organisms made up of cells that lack a cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.

A

Prokaryotes

39
Q

These are cells that have other organelles besides the nucleus.

A

Eukaryotes

40
Q

Encloses the cell contents in animal cells.

A

Plasma membrane

41
Q

It is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. it contains water and nutrients.

A

Cytoplasm

42
Q

the type of protoplasm that makes up the cell nucleus

A

Nucleoplasm

43
Q

It is a network of membranes inside a cell through which proteins and other molecules move.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

44
Q

A type of ER that helps make lipids and is not bounded by ribosomes.

A

Smooth ER

45
Q

A type of ER bound with ribosomes, that helps in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.

A

Roung ER

46
Q

It is the protein synthesizer in cells.

A

Ribosomes

47
Q

A cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell.

A

Golgi body/Golgi apparatus

48
Q

A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid. ___ inside cells move substances into or out of the cell.

A

Vesicles

49
Q

The waste treatment plants and the recycling centers of cells.

A

Lysosomes

50
Q

the largest nuclear organelle not surrounded by a membrane and is the primary site of ribosome subunit biogenesis in eukaryotic cells.

A

Nucleolus

51
Q

the repository of genetic information and as the cell's control center.

A

Nucleus

52
Q

Powerhouse of the cell, where respiration takes place. ENERGY>ATP.

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

___ transport involves the movement of molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration with the use of energy.

A

Active

54
Q

___ transport involves the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration and no amount of energy is required.

A

Passive

55
Q

It is the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

56
Q

If a cell is placed in a ___ solution, these things happen:
- net flow of water out of the cell, cell lose volume and shrink
- solute concentration is higher than cell’s inside

A

Hypertonic

57
Q

If cell is placed in a ___ solution, these things happen:
- net flow of water into the cell, cell gains volume and expand
- solute concentration outside the cell is lower than inside of cell

A

Hypotonic

58
Q

In an ___ solution, no net movement of water will take place.

A

Isotonic

59
Q

It is the passive movement of molecules or particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

60
Q

A type of proteins that allow the passage of stuff like water and ions without using energy.

A

Channel proteins

61
Q

are a family of small transmembrane proteins that mainly facilitate water transport across plasma membranes through an aqueous pore

A

Aquaporins

62
Q

This is a protein pump found in the cell membrane of neurons (and other animal cells).
It is a type of active transport that acts to transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane in a ratio of 3 sodium ions out for every 2 potassium ions brought in.

A

Sodium potassium pump

63
Q

During ___ transport, larger substances or large packages of small molecules are transported through the cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, by way of vesicles.

A

Vesicular transport or bulk transport

64
Q

occurs when a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing its contents to be released outside the cell.

A

Exocytosis

65
Q

It is the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.

A

Endocytosis

66
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

There are three types of endocytosis: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

67
Q

It is a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it.

A

Phagocytosis

68
Q

It is an active, energy consuming process where extracellular fluid and solutes are taken up into a cell via small vesicles.

A

Pinocytosis

69
Q

___ endocytosis uses special receptor proteins to help carry large particles across the cell membrane.

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

70
Q

The passive transport that requires membrane proteins to transport biological molecules.

A

Facilitated diffusion

71
Q

___ are responsible for manufacturing and storing of food in plants.

A

Plastids

72
Q

When plants wilt, their soft stems, and leaves begin to droop because ______ lose water and cells lose the turgor pressure.

A

Central vacuoles

73
Q

It is how we derive energy from the food we eat-specifically from glucose.

A

Cellular respiration

74
Q

Currency of biological energy

A

ATP

75
Q

ATP breakdown into ADP and Pi is called ___ because it consumes a water molecule.

A

Hydrolysis

76
Q

The steps involved in cellular respiration are?.

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation/the electron transport chain

77
Q

It is the breaking up of glucose's 6 carbon ring into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acids or pyruvate molecules. It invests 2ATPs to generate 4ATPs for a net profit of 2 ATPs.

A

Glycolysis

78
Q

This process of cellular respiration is anaerobic and happens in the cytoplasm of the cell. A total of 2 ATP is derived in the process (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O).

A

Glycolysis

79
Q

With the absence of oxygen in the cell, it needs more of NAD+ to keep glycolysis going. This process frees up NAD+, which happens to create byproduct like ethyl alcohol in yeasts and lactic acid in humans (why you're sore after exercising).

A

Fermentation

80
Q

The aerobic processes of cellular respiration

A

The Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain/Oxidative Phosphorylation

81
Q

It is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This happens in the inner membrane of mitochondria.

A

The Krebs Cycle

82
Q

Acetyl-CoA combines with ____ in the Krebs cycle to form the six-carbon atom citric acid.

A

oxaloacetic acid

83
Q

It is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

The electron transport chain

84
Q

plant vascular tissue that conveys water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides physical support.

A

Xylem

85
Q

is a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange.

A

Stomata

86
Q

individual photons from the sun are absorbed in the plant by a pigment called

A

Chlorophyll

87
Q

this stores chlorophyll and are stacked into grana. inside is called lumen and outside is stroma.

A

Thylakoids

88
Q

light-independent reactions or dark reactions is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose.

A

Calvin cycle

Crash course biology (2 decks)

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