C1 Flashcards
What are all substances are made up of
Atoms
Element definition
A substance made up of only one type of atom
Where are the metals located on the periodic table
Left( group 1 side) 
Where are nonmetals located on the periodic table
Right (group 7 side)
Where are the transition metals located in the periodic table
Middle 
What is a compound
A substance made when two or more elements are chemically bonded together
A + B -> C
What are the reactants in this chemical equation
A and B
A + B -> C
What is the product in this chemical equation
C
What are reactants
The substances you start with
What are the products
The new substances made in a reaction
What is the law of conservation of mass
The total mass of the products formed in a reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants
What is an aqueous solution
Substances dissolved in water
What is the difference between compounds and mixtures
Compounds
Fixed composition (Ratio of elements present is always the same in any particular compound)
Chemical reactions must be used to separate the elements
Chemical bonds between the atoms of different elements in the compound
Mixtures
No fix composition ( Proportions vary depending on the amount of each substance mix together)
Different elements in a mixture can be separated more easily
No chemical bonds between the atoms 
Name the separation 4 techniques
Filtration
Crystallisation
Distillation
Chromatography
Why are we able to separate compounds and mixtures
Differences in physical properties of the substance in a mixture such as different solubilities or different boiling points
When is filtration used
To separate An insoluble solid from a liquid
What is crystallisation used for
To separate a dissolved solid from a Solvent ( Liquid))
How does crystallisation work
Place your solution over boiling water and wait for the liquid to evaporate leaving you with a solid eg Separate salt from salt water
What Is distillation used for
To separate and Collect a soluble solid from a solvent
Distillation method
A solution is heated and boiled to evaporate the solvent
The vapour given off and has a condenser (A glass tube with water flowing through it which surrounds the glass tube from the glass acting as a coolant )
Here the hot Vapour is called and condense back into liquid for collection
Any solid remain in the heating flask
What liquids does fractional distillation separate
Liquids that dissolve in each other and mix completely
What physical property does fractional distillation used to separate the two liquids
Boiling point
Fractional distillation method 
A solution is heated and boiled
The liquids begin to condense rising up
They go into The fractionating column which contains glass beads
The Vapors must pass over and between the glass beads before they reach the condenser
The temperature in the fractionating column is highest at the bottom of the
This means that the substance with a higher boiling point will condense on the cooler glass beads near the bottom of the column and drop back down into the flask
The substance with the Lower boiling point and will continue to rise
The vapour given off then goes through the Condenser A glass tube with water flowing through it which surrounds the glass tube from the glass acting as a coolant )
Here the hot Vapour is called and condense back into a lqiuid
Then the other liquid will be left over
What is chromatography used to do
Separate substances from mixtures in a solution
Chromatography method
Draw a pencil line on a piece of chromatography paper
Place the compounds On the pencil line
Place the paper in a solvent which will soak up the paper running through the mixture
The most soluble substance is within the Mixture the further out the paper is carried

What did John Dalton believe about the atom
Substances are made up of atoms that were like tiny hardspheres
What did JJ Thomson discover
Electron
What was the plum pudding model and who created it
JJ Thompson
Atoms were the ball of positive charge with negative electrons within
What did Ernest Rutherford discover
Nucleus -Which contains very dense positively charged neutrons
The electrons must be orbiting the nucleus
What was Ernest Rutherford experiment
Gold foil experiment
He fired alpha particles at a gold foil sheet and discovered some were deflected back showing there was a large ball of concentrated Positive charge at the centre of each atom ( the nucleus 
What did Neils Bohr Discover
The electrons must be orbiting the nucleus at set distances (shells) 
What did James Chadwick Discover
Neutrons
What is a proton relative charge
+1
What is a neutrons relative charge
Zero
What is an electrons relative charge
-1
Protons relative mass
1
Neutrons relative mass
1
Electrons relative mass
Very small
What is the atomic number
Number of protons in the element
What is the mass number
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom
How are the elements in the periodic table arranged
By the atomic number
Ion definition
Charged atom
How is an ion created
When an atom loses or gains electrons
Why do atoms lose or gain electrons
To get a full outer shell
Isotope definition
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
How many electrons are in a full outer shell
1st -2
Rest - 8
