C1

Question 1

History of the atom(6 marker)

Answer 1

Dalton- atoms are tiny hard spheres that cannot be broken down
Jj thomson- discovered electrons with cathode rays- made plum pudding model- positive charged ball with negatively charged electrons stuck inside.
Geiger and Marsden- gold foil alpha particle experiment.
Rutherford proposed these conclusions from Geiger and Marsden’s experiment:
Some bounced back- mass of atom concentrated in centre
Some deflected- centre of atom is positive
Most passed straight through- atom is mainly empty space

Bohr- proposed shells and every atom has a specific number of shells and said electrons must be at fixed distances from nucleus due to light given out when heated at specific amounts of energy so must be when electrons fall from high to low energy level they release light. Proposed nuclear model of the atom.
Chadwick- discovered neutrons with experiment(very difficult as they have no charge)

Question 2

Charge of a proton

Answer 2

+1

Question 3

Charge of an electron

Answer 3

-1

Question 4

Charge of a neutron

Answer 4

0

Question 5

Relative mass of protons and neutrons and electrons

Answer 5

1
1
Very small(0.0000001)

Question 6

Elements

Answer 6

Contain only one type of atom

Question 7

Atoms

Answer 7

The smallest part of an element

Question 8

Compound

Answer 8

2 or more different elements chemically bonded together

Question 9

Molecule

Answer 9

2 or more atoms

Question 10

Mixture

Answer 10

Can be made of elements, compounds, molecules and atoms not chemically bonded just mixed together

Question 11

Atoms cannot be

Answer 11

Created or destroyed

Question 12

Aqueous

Answer 12

Dissolved in water

Question 13

Is mass number the top or bottom number on periodic table

Answer 13

Top

Question 14

Is atomic number the top or bottom number of periodic table

Answer 14

Bottom

Question 15

Mass number

Answer 15

Number of protons and neutrons

Question 16

Atomic number

Answer 16

Number of protons/electrons

Question 17

Ion

Answer 17

Atom with a charge

Question 18

Isotopes

Answer 18

Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons but same number of protons

Question 19

Electronic structure

Answer 19

2,8,8 etc

Question 20

Outer shell is full

Answer 20

Atom is stable

Question 21

Paper chromatography

Answer 21

Draw a line near the bottom of filter paper. Also draw one near the top in pencil as it’s insoluble.
Put dots of the inks you are using on the lines.
Fill a beaker with water- make sure it’s shallow.
Put the filter paper in and carefully dip into into the water.
Put a lid on beaker to make sure no solvent evaporates
Make sure the line does not go in the water so the inks don’t dissolve
The solvent seeps up the paper, carrying the ink with it.
Leave until the dyes of the ink get close to the top line and then take it out and leave to dry
You now have a pattern of spots called a chromatogram.
The ink will separate into its dyes as each dye will move up the paper at different rates as it dissolves at different rates.
Further up= more soluble
Each dye will form a dot in a different place.

Question 22

Relative atomic mass equation

Answer 22

Sum of(isotope abundance X isotope mass number) divided by sum of abundances of all the isotopes.

Question 23

Filtration

Answer 23

If one thing is soluble in water and other is insoluble, add water to dissolve soluble thing then filter to separate them

Question 24

Evaporation

Answer 24

Use to get salt when salt doesn’t decompose when heated

Question 25

Use crystallisation

Answer 25

If it does break down when heated

Question 26

Filtration and crystallisation can be used together

Answer 26

To separate and form crystals

Question 27

Use simple distillation when:

Answer 27

Substances have very different boiling points

Question 28

If BP’s similar use:

Answer 28

Fractional distillation

Question 29

Simple distillation method

Answer 29

Put solution of compound with 2 substances with different BP’s
Heat
One with lowest BP will boil first and evaporate out
Will go through the condensing chamber, condensing it to a liquid
They are now separated
One in first conical flask, one in the other

Question 30

Fractional distillation method

Answer 30

Put mixture of compounds in conical flask with seal on it and thermometer
Heat
Add fractionating column to distillation apparatus.
Fractionating column is hot at bottom and cool at top
One with lowest bp will evaporate first and rise up through the fractionating column
Stop heating when first starts to evaporate
Others will rise up but then cool as it goes up the fractionating column, condensing so it goes back down into the conical flask
Lowest bp will go through condensing chamber and be collected in conical flask.
Heat when all lowest bp collected to next lowest compounds bp
Will do the same
Keep going for each one and collect in different flasks to separate them