C,T,L Spine Flashcards
(230 cards)
1
Q
What is the IR size for the AP projection Fuchs method?
A
8x10 or 10x12 crosswise
2
Q
What position is the patient in the for the AP Projection Fuchs method?
A
Supine
3
Q
Why did Fuchs recommend the AP Projection?
A
To show the dens
4
Q
Where do you center the IR for the AP Projection Fuchs method?
A
Center the IR to the level of the tips of the mastoid processes
5
Q
What is the respiration phase for the AP projection Fuchs method?
A
Suspend
6
Q
What is the CR direction for the AP Projection Fuchs method?
A
Perpendicular to the midpoint of the IR; enters the neck on the MSP just distal to the tip of the chin
7
Q
What is the collimation size for the AP projection Fuchs method?
A
5x5
8
Q
What is the IR size for the AP projection open-mouth?
A
8x10 or 10x12
9
Q
What is the SID for the AP projection open mouth?
A
30”
10
Q
Where do you center the IR for the AP projection open mouth?
A
Center the IR at the level of the axis (C2)
11
Q
What is the CR direction for the AP projection open mouth?
A
Perpendicular to the center of the IR and entering the midpoint of the open mouth
12
Q
What is the collimation size for the AP projection open mouth?
A
5x5
13
Q
What is the IR size for the lateral projection of the atlas and axis?
A
8x10 or 10x12
14
Q
Where do you center the IR for the lateral projection of the atlas and axis?
A
Center the IR at the level of the atlantoaxial articulation (1 inch distal to tip of mastoid process)
15
Q
What is the respiration phase for the lateral projection of the atlas and axis?
A
Suspend
16
Q
What is the CR direction for the lateral projection of the atlas and axis?
A
Perpendicular to a point 1 inch distal to the mastoid process
17
Q
What is the patient position for the AP axial projection of the c-spine?
A
Supine or upright
18
Q
Where do you center the IR for the AP axial projection of the C-spine?
A
Center the IR at the level of C4
19
Q
What is the respiration phase for the AP axial projection of the C-spine?
A
Suspend
20
Q
What is the CR direction for the AP axial projection of the C-spine?
A
Directed through C4 at an angle of 15-20 degrees cephalad (CR enters slightly inferior to the most prominent point of the thyroid cartilage aka the Adam’s apple)
21
Q
What is the proper collimation size for the AP axial projection of the C-spine?
A
10 inches lengthwise and 1 inch beyond the skin shadows on side
22
Q
What is the IR size for the lateral projection grandy method of the C-spine
A
8x10 or 10x12 lengthwise
23
Q
What is the recommended SID for the lateral projection grandy method of the C-spine?
A
60-72” because of the increased OID
24
Q
What is the patient position for the lateral projection grandy method of the C-spine?
A
In a true lateral either standing or seated
25
Where should the IR be centered for the lateral projection grandy method of the C-spine?
Center the IR at the level of C4. The top of the IR is about 1" above the EAM
26
What should you do to depress the shoulders for the lateral projection grandy method of the C-spine?
Attach one small sandbag to each wrist
27
What is the respiration phase for the lateral projection grandy method of the C-spine?
Suspend respiration at the end of full expiration
28
What are you looking at when you perform the lateral projection grandy method of the C-spine?
The Z joints
29
What is the CR direction for the lateral projection grandy method of the C-spine?
Horizontal and perpendicular to C4
30
What is the proper collimation size for the lateral projection grandy method of the C-spine
8x10 or 10x12 depending on the cassette size used
31
What is the IR size for the lateral projection of the C-spine when hyper extending or hyper flexing?
10x12 lengthwise
32
What is the SID for the lateral projection hyperflexion/hyperextension of the C-spine
60-72" because of increased OID
33
What is the patient position for the lateral projection hyperextension/hyperflexion of the C-spine?
A true lateral either seated or standing
34
Where is the IR centered for the lateral projection hyperextension/hyperflexion of the C-spine?
Center the IR at the level of C4. The top of the IR is about 2 inches above the EAM
35
What is the respiration phase for the lateral projection hyperflexion/hyperextension of the C-spine?
Suspend
36
What is the CR direction for the lateral projection hyperflexion/hyperextension of the C-spine?
Horizontal and perpendicular to C4
37
What is the collimation size for the lateral projection hyperextension/hyperflexion of the C-spine?
10x12 lengthwise
38
What are you looking at when you perform an AP axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
You are looking at the intervertebral foramina
39
What is the IR size for the AP axial oblique projection of the C-spine
8x10 or 10x12 lengthwise
40
What is the recommended SID for the AP axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
60-72" because of increased OID
41
What is the patient position for the AP axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
Supine or upright (seated or standing)
42
What is the body rotation for the AP axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
45 degrees
43
Where do you center the IR for the AP axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
Center the IR to the third cervical body (1" superior to the most prominent point of the thyroid cartilage)
44
What is the respiration phase for the alarm axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
Suspend
45
What is the CR direction for the AP axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
Directed to C4 at a cephalad angle of 15-20 degrees
46
What is the collimation size for the AP axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
8x10 or 10x12 depending on IR used
47
What intervertebral foramina are you looking at when you perform the AP axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
The intervertebral foramina farthest from the IR
48
What is the IR size for the PA axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
8x10 or 10x12 lengthwise
49
What is the recommended SID for the PA axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
60-72" SID because of the increased OID
50
What is the patient position for the PA axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
Prone or upright (seated or standing)
51
What is the body rotation for the PA axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
45 degrees
52
Where is the IR centered for the PA axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
center the IR at the level of C5 (1" caudal to the most prominent point of the thyroid cartilage)
53
What is the respiration phase for the PA axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
Suspend
54
What is the CR direction for the PA axial oblique projection of the C-spine?
Directed to C4 at an angle of 15-20 degrees caudal
55
What is the collimation size for the PA axial oblique production of the C-spine?
8x10 or 10x12 depending on the IR used
56
What is the IR size for the AP protection Ottonello method?
8x10 or 10x12 lengthwise
57
What is the patient position for the AP projection Ottonello method?
Supine
58
Where do you center the IR for the AP projection Ottonello method?
Center the IR at the level of C4
59
What is the respiration phase for the AP projection Ottonello method?
Suspend
60
What technique do you use for the AP projection Ottonello method to blur the mandible?
use an exposure technique with low milliamperage and long exposure time (minimum of 1 sec)
61
What is the CR direction for the AP projection Ottonello method?
perpendicular to C4
62
What is the collimation size for the AP projection Ottonello method?
8x10 or 10x12 depending on IR used
63
What is the IR size for the lateral projection swimmers technique?
10x12 lengthwise
64
What is the patient position for the lateral projection swimmers technique?
recumbent or upright (seated or standing)
65
Where do you center the IR for the lateral projection swimmers technique?
Center the IR at the level of C7-T1 intervertebral disk space, which is located 2" above the jugular notch
66
What is the respiration phase for the lateral projection swimmers technique?
Suspend
67
What is the CR direction for the lateral projection swimmers technique?
Directed to C7-T1 intervertebral disk space
68
If the patient cannot depress shoulder well enough when performing the lateral projection swimmers technique how much do you angle the tube?
3-5 degrees caudal
69
How much did Monda recommend angling the tube when the patients shoulder cannot be depressed while performing the lateral projection swimmers technique?
5-15 degrees cephalic
70
What is the collimation size for the lateral projection swimmers technique?
close collimation; 10x12
71
What is the IR size for the AP projection of the T-spine?
14x17 lengthwise
72
what is the patient position for the AP projection of the T-spine?
supine or upright (standing)
73
How should the hips and knees be positioned when performing the AP proejction of the T-spine
flexed to place the thighs in a vertical position
74
Where should the IR be positioned for the AP projection of the T-spine
1 1/2 to 2 inches above the shoulders
75
What is the respiration phase for the AP projection of the T-spine?
patient may be allowed to take shallow breaths during the exposure or respiration is suspended at end of full expiration
76
What is the CR direction for the AP projection of the T-spine?
Perpendicular to the IR. The center of the CR should be approx. halfway between jugular notch and xiphoid process
77
What is the collimation size for the AP projection of the T-spine?
7x17
78
What is the IR size for the Lateral projection of the T-spine?
14x17 lengthwise
79
How should the patients knees and hips be placed when performing the lateral projection of the T-spine?
flexed to a comfortable position
80
Where should the superior border of the IR be placed for the Lateral projection of the T-spine?
1 1/2 to 2 inches above the relaxed shoulders
81
how should the patients arms be for the Lateral projection of the T-spine
at right angles to the long axis of the body
82
What is the respiration phase for the Lateral projection of the T-spine?
with the patient breathing normally or at the end of expiration
83
What is the CR direction for the Lateral Projection of the T-spine?
perpendicular to the center of the IR at the level of T7. The CR enters the posterior half of the thorax
84
If the patient is not horizontal when performing the lateral projection of the T-spine, how much do you angle the tube?
10 degrees cephalic for females and 15 degrees cephalic for males
85
What is the collimation size for the lateral projection of the T-spine?
7x17
86
What are examined when performing PA oblique projections of the T-spine?
The thoracic zygapophyseal joints
87
What are examined when performing AP oblique projections of the T-spine?
The thoracic zygapophyseal joints
88
Do AP oblique projections of the T-spine show the joints closest to or farthest from the IR?
Farthest from the IR
89
Do PA oblique projections of the T-spine show the joints closest to or farthest from the IR
Closest to the IR
90
What is the patient position for the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine?
recumbent and upright (seated or standing)
91
When performing the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine in the recumbent position, what is the IR size and orientation?
14x17
92
When performing the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine in the upright position, what is the IR size and orientation?
14x17
93
How much do you rotate the body for the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine?
20 degrees
94
How many degrees does the MCP and IR form when performing the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine?
70 degrees
95
What is the height of the IR for the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine?
1 1/2 to 2 inches above the shoulders
96
Where do you center the IR for the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine?
To the level of T7
97
What is the respiration phase for the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine?
suspend at the end of expiration
98
How should the patients knees and hips be positioned when performing the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine in the recumbent position?
flexed
99
What is the CR direction for the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine?
perpendicular to the IR exiting or entering the level of T7
100
What is the collimation size for the AP or PA oblique projections of the T-spine?
7x17
101
What is the IR size for the AP projection of the L-spine?
11x14 or 14x17
102
What is the recommended SID for the AP projection of the L-spine?
48 inches
103
What is the patient position for the AP projection of the L-spine?
supine
104
How should the upper extremities be placed for the AP projection of the L-spine?
flex the elbows and place hands on upper chest
105
How should the knees and hips be positioned when performing the AP projection of the L-spine?
flexed to place back in firm contact with table and to reduce lordosis
106
If you are taking an x-ray of both the lumbar spine and the sacrum where should the IR be centered?
At the level of the illiac crests (L4)
107
If you are taking an x-ray of just the lumbar spine, where should the IR be centered?
1.5 inches above the illiac crests (L3)
108
What is the respiration phase for the AP projection of the L-spine?
Suspend at end of expiration
109
What is the CR direction for the AP projection of the L-spine?
perpendicular to the IR at the level of the iliac crests (L4)
110
What is IR size for the Lateral projection of the L-spine?
11x14 or 14x17
111
What is the patient position for the Lateral projection of the L-spine?
recumbent or upright
112
How should the patient knees and hips be positioned when performing the lateral projection of the L-spine?
flexed to a comfortable position
113
how should the patients elbows and arms be positioned when performing the lateral projection of the L-spine?
elbows flexed and the arm at right angles to the body
114
Where should the IR be centered when performing a lateral projection of the L-spine when viewing the spine only?
at a level 1.5 inches above the crest (L3)
115
Where should the IR be centered when performing a lateral projection of the L-spine when viewing both the lumbar and sacrum?
at the level of the iliac crest (L4)
116
What is the respiration phase for the lateral projection of the L-spine?
suspend at the end of expiration
117
What is the CR direction for the lateral projection of the L-spine when viewing both the lumbar and sacrum?
perpendicular at the level of the iliac crests
118
What is the CR direction for the lateral projection of the L-spine when viewing the lumbar only?
perpendicular at a level 1.5 inches above the iliac crests
119
If a patients spine cannot be adjusted horizontally while performing the lateral projection of the L-spine, how many degrees do you angle the tube?
5 degrees caudal for men and 8 degrees caudal for women with a wide pelvis
120
What is the IR size for the spot film of L5-S1?
8x10 or 10x12
121
how should the patients elbows and arms be positioned when performing a spot film of L5-S1?
flexed elbows and arms in a position at right angles to the body
122
?What is the respiration phase for the spot film of L5-S1
suspend
123
What is the CR direction for the spot film of L5-S1
Centered on a coronal place 2 inches posterior to ASIS and 1.5 inches inferior to iliac crests
124
What is the collimation size for the spot film of L5-S1?
6x8 inches
125
How should the patient be turned for the AP projection of the Lumbar Z-joints?
rotated 45 degrees towards affected side
126
When performing the AP oblique projection of the Lumbar Z-joints, are you looking at the joints closest to or farthest from the IR?
Closest to
127
How many degrees should the body be rotated to should the L5-S1 zygapophyseal joint and articular processes?
60 degrees
128
What is the respiration phase for the Ap oblique projection of the Lumbar zygapophyseal joints?
suspend at end of expiration
129
What is the CR direction for the AP oblique projection of the Lumbar Zygapophyseal joint?
perpendicular to enter 2 inches medial to elevated ASIS and 1 to 1.5 inches above iliac crests
130
What is the CR direction for the AP oblique projection of the Lumbar Zygapophyseal joint when looking at the L5-S1 joint?
Perpendicular to enter 2 inches medial to elevated ASIS and then up a point midway between the iliac crests and ASIS
131
What is the patient position for the AP oblique projection of the Lumbar Zygapophyseal joints?
recumbent or upright
132
What is the patient position for the PA oblique projection of the Lumbar Zygapophyseal joints?
upright or recumbent prone
133
When performing the PA oblique projection of the Lumbar Z-joints, are you looking at the joints closest to or farthest from the IR?
farthest from the IR
134
Where should the IR be centered for the PA oblique projection of the Lumbar Zygapophyseal joints?
Center the IR at the level of L3
135
Where should the IR be centered for the PA oblique projection of the Lumbar Zygapophyseal joints when only looking at L5-S1?
Center the IR at the level of L5
136
What is the respiration phase for the PA oblique projection of the Lumbar Zygapophyseal joints?
suspend at the end of expiration
137
What is the CR direction for the Lumbar Zygapophyseal joints?
Perpendicular to enter L3 (1 to 1.5 inches above the iliac crests)
138
What is the CR direction for the Lumbar Zygapophyseal joints when looking at L5-S1?
Perpendicular to enter the elevated side 2 inches lateral to palpable spinous process and to a point midway between iliac crest and ASIS
139
What is the IR size for the AP or PA axial Projection of the L5-S1 junction and the SI joints?
8x10 or 10x12 lengthwise
140
What is the patient position for the AP or PA axial projection ferguson method of the L5-S1 junction and the SI joints?
supine
141
What is the respiration phase for the AP or PA axial projection ferguson method of the L5-S1 junction and SI joints?
suspend
142
What is the CR direction for the AP or PA axial projection ferguson method of the L5-S1 junction and SI joints?
directed through the lumbosacral joint at an average of 30 to 35 degrees cephalic entering the MSP at a point 1.5 inches superior to pubic symphysis or 2 to 2.5 inches below ASIS
143
What is the IR size for the AP oblique projection of the SI joints
8x10 or 10x12 lengthwise
144
What is the patient position for the AP oblique projection of the SI joints?
supine
145
How much should you elevate the side of interest from the AP oblique projection of the SI joints?
25-30 degrees
146
When performing the AP oblique projection of the SI joints is the side being examined closest to or farthest form the IR?
farther from the IR
147
Which side does an LPO show when performing an AP oblique projection of the SI joints?
right side
148
Which side does an RPO show when performing an AP oblique projection of the SI joints?
left side
149
Which side does an LPO show when performing an AP oblique projection of the SI joints?
center the IR at the level of the ASIS
150
What is the respiration phase for the AP oblique projection of the SI joints?
suspend
151
What is the CR direction for the AP oblique projection of the SI joints?
Perpendicular to the center of the IR entering 1" medial to elevated ASIS
152
What is the IR size for the PA oblique projection of the SI joints?
8x10 or 10x12 lengthwise
153
What is the patient position for the PA oblique projection of the SI joints?
Prone
154
When performing the PA oblique projection of the SI joints is the side being examined closest to or farthest form the IR?
the side closest to the IR
155
How much should you elevate the side of interest from the PA oblique projection of the SI joints?
25-30 degrees
156
Which side does an LAO show when performing an PA oblique projection of the SI joints?
the left side
157
Which side does an RAO show when performing an PA oblique projection of the SI joints?
the right side
158
Where should you center the IR when performing a PA oblique projection of the SI joints?
center the IR at the level of the ASIS
159
What is the respiration phase for the PA oblique projection of the SI joints?
Suspend
160
What is the CR direction for a PA oblique projection of the SI joints?
perpendicular to the IR and centered 1 inch medial to ASIS closest to IR
161
What is the IR size for the AP and PA axial projections of the sacrum and coccyx?
10x10 for sacrum and 8x10 for coccyx if available
162
What is the patient position for the AP and PA axial projections of the sacrum and coccyx?
supine or prone
163
What is the respiration phase for the AP and PA axial projections of the sacrum and coccyx?
suspend
164
What is the CR direction for the AP axial projection of the sacrum with the patient supine?
15 degrees cephalic at a point 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
165
What is the CR direction for the PA axial projection of the sacrum with the patient prone?
15 degrees caudal and centered to the visible sacrum curve
166
What is the CR direction for the AP axial projection of the coccyx with the patient supine?
10 degrees caused to a point about 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis
167
What is the CR direction for the PA axial projection of the coccyx with the patient prone?
10 degrees cephalad and center to easy palpable coccyx
168
What is the IR size for the lateral projection of the sacrum and coccyx?
8x10 lengthwise for coccyx and 10x12 for sacrum
169
What is the respiration phase for the lateral projection of the sacrum and coccyx?
suspend
170
What is the CR direction for the lateral projection of the sacrum?
perpendicular and directed to the level of the ASIS and to a point 3.5 inches posterior
171
What is the CR direction for the lateral projection of the coccyx?
perpendicular and directed toward a point 3.5 inches posterior to ASIS and 2 inches inferior
172
What is the IR size for the AP axial projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)
8x10 or 10x12
173
What is the patient position for the AP axial projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)?
supine
174
How should the patients neck be positioned for the AP axial projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)?
hyperextended
175
What is the respiration phase for the AP axial projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)?
suspend
176
What is the CR direction for the AP axial projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)?
Directed to C7 at an average angle of 25 degrees caudal (20-30 degree range)
177
What is the IR size for the AP axial oblique projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)?
8x10 or 10x12
178
What is the patient position for the AP axial oblique projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)?
supine
179
How much should the patients head be rotated for the AP axial oblique projection of the vertebral arch (pillars) to show C2-7 and T1?
45-50 degrees away from side of interest
180
How much should the patients head be rotated for the AP axial oblique projection of the vertebral arch (pillars) to show C6 and T1-4?
60-70 degrees away from side of interest
181
What is the respiration phase for the AP axial oblique projection of the vertebral arch (pillars)?
suspend
182
What is the CR direction for the AP axial oblique projection vertebral arch (pillars)?
Directed to exit the spinous process of C7 at an average angle of 35 degrees caudal (range of 30-40 degrees)
183
What is the IR size for the PA projection weight bearing method (R and L bending) for the lumbar intervertebral disks?
14x17 lengthwise
184
What is the patient position for the PA projection weight bearing method (R and L bending) for the lumbar intervertebral disks?
standing
185
Where should the height of the IR be for the PA projection weight bearing method (R and L bending) for the lumbar intervertebral disks?
adjust the height of the IR to the level of L3
186
What is the respiration phase for the PA projection weight bearing method (R and L bending) for the lumbar intervertebral disks?
suspend
187
What is the CR direction for the PA projection weight bearing method (R and L bending) for the lumbar intervertebral disks?
Directed perpendicular to L3 at an angle of 15-20 degrees caudal or projected through L4-L5 or L5-S1 intervertebral disk spaces if these are the areas of interest
188
What is the IR size for the PA projection ferguson method for the T-spine looking at scoliosis?
14x36 or 14x17 lengthwise
189
What is the patient position for the PA projection ferguson method for the T-spine looking at scoliosis?
seated or standing
190
What is the height of the IR for the PA projection ferguson method for the T-spine looking at scoliosis?
the height of the IR should include about 1 inch of the iliac crests
191
How many radiographs are taken for the PA projection ferguson method for the T-spine looking at scoliosis?
2 radiographs
192
How is the patients hips or feet positioned for the PA projection ferguson method for the T-spine looking at scoliosis?
elevated on the convex side of the primary curve approximately 3 or 4 inches by placing a block, book, or sandbags under buttock of foot
193
What is the respiration phase for the PA projection ferguson method for the T-spine looking at scoliosis?
suspend
194
What is the CR direction for the PA projection ferguson method for the T-spine looking at scoliosis?
perpendicular to the midpoint of the IR
195
What is the IR size for the AP projection (R and L bending) of the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
10x12 or 14x17 lengthwise for each exposure
196
What is the patient position for the AP projection (R and L bending) for the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
supine
197
How many exposures should be made for the AP projection (R and L bending) for the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
2 (right bending and left bending)
198
How should the legs be positioned for the AP projection (R and L bending) for the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
cross the patients leg on the opposite side to be flexed over the other leg
Example: for a right bending, cross the left leg over the right
199
What is the respiration phase for the AP projection (R and L bending) for the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
suspend
200
What is the CR direction for the AP projection (R and L bending) for the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
Perpendicular to the level of the third lumbar vertebrae, 1 to 1.5 inches above the iliac crest on the MSP
201
What is the IR size for the Lateral projection (R or L position) hyper flexion and hyperextension for the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
14x17 lengthwise
202
What is the patient position for the Lateral projection (R or L position) hyper flexion and hyperextension for the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
upright or lateral recumbent
203
What is the respiration phase for the Lateral projection (R or L position) hyper flexion and hyperextension for the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
suspend
204
What is the CR for the Lateral projection (R or L position) hyper flexion and hyperextension for the lumbar spine for a spinal fusion?
perpendicular to the spinal fusion area or L3
205
Which segments of the spine are considered true or moveable?
C,T,L
206
What segments of the spine are considered false or fixed
Sacrum, Coccyx
207
Which segments of the spine are called primary curves?
Thoracic and Pelvic
208
What segments of the spine are called the secondary curves?
Cervical and Lumbar
209
What are the vertebral bodies separated by?
Intervertebral disks
210
What projects posteriorly on each side for the superior and lateral parts of the posterior surface of the vertebral body?
pedicles
211
What is the purpose of the notches of the intervertebral foramina
for transmission of spinal nerves and blood vessels
212
What projects laterally and slightly posteriorly from the junction of the pedicles and laminae?
transverse processes
213
What projects posteriorly and inferiorly from the junction of the laminae in the posterior midline
spinous processes
214
What is another name for C1
atlas
215
What is another name for C2
axis
216
Where is the dens located
C2
217
What is the purpose of the transverse foramina?
transmission of the vertebral artery and vein and for passage of the spinal nerves
218
At what angle are the intervertebral foramina of the C-spine located from the MSP
45 degrees
219
At what angle are the intervertebral foramina of the C-spine located to the horizontal plane of the body?
15 degrees inferior
220
how much are the zygapophyseal joints of the T-spine angled?
anteriorly approximately 15-20 degrees to form an angle of 70-75 degrees to the MSP
221
How much should the patient be rotated from the anatomic position to show the Z-joints of the T-spine?
70-75 degrees
222
How much should the patient be rotated from the lateral position to show the Z-joints of the T-spine?
15-20 degrees
223
How many sacral bones are there?
Five
224
How many coccygeal bones are there?
Three to five
225
What are you looking at when you perform an AP oblique projection of the C-spine?
intervertebral foramina
226
What are you looking at when you perform a Lateral projection of the C-spine?
Zygapophyseal joints
227
What are you looking at when you take a Lateral projection of the T-spine?
intervertebral foramina
228
How much should the patient be rotated to show the Z-joints when looking at the T-spine?
70 degrees
229
What are you looking at when you perform a lateral projection of the L-spine?
intervertebral foramina
230
How much should the patient be rotated to show the Z-joints of the L-spine?
30-60 degrees
