C Psych Exam 1 Flashcards
Left Brain and Right Brain
Left brain is logical, analytical, good at math, and rational.
Right brain is creative, artistic, intuitive, and emotional
-BUTTTT this is false because it is all interconnected
Localization of Function
specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain
-stuff seen from the right visual field will then be process from our left brain hemisphere
Frontal Lobe
suppress socially inappropriate behavior - predicts consequences of actions - plays a role in choice between good and bad - problem solving
Broca’s area
Damage here can cause slow and labored speech
Werenickes’s area
Damage to this area can cause incoherent, meaningless speech, and difficulties with comprehension - can’t really understand anything - production and speech words are easy, they just make no sense
Double Association
Occurs if damage to one area of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present and damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present
fMRI Activity
Increased activity in an area called fusiform face area when participants look at pictures of faces in the scanner
-helped us prove that specific areas of the brain have different jobs because during the exp. when a face was seen only parts of the brain lit up
Inverse projection problem
refers to the ambiguous mapping from the retinal images to the sources of retinal stimulation.
View Point Invariance
the ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints.
Gestalt Principles
Image result for Gestalt Principles psychology
Gestalt psychology is a school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole. When trying to make sense of the world around us, Gestalt psychology suggests that we do not simply focus on every small component. Instead, our minds tend to perceive objects as elements of more complex systems.
Proximity.
Similarity.
Continuity.
Closure.
Connectedness.
Sensation
Any concrete, conscious experience resulting from the stimulation of a specific sense organ, sensory nerve, or sensory area of the brain - HOW WE PROCESS ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
Perception
The set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli - HOW WE INTERPRET ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
Bottom Up Processing
Occurs when we see basic features of sensory stimuli and then integrate them
- THIS OBJECT IS BLUE, YELLOW, AND GREEN (Starts with sensory receptors and then works its way UP to higher levels of processing =)
Template Matching Theories
USED IN BOTTOM UP PROCESSING
-proposes that our mind stores sets of templates which we use by selecting a template that perfectly matches what we observes
CONS= faults to account for some aspect of letter processing and how can we possibly anticipate and crate so many templates for every conceivable object of perception?
Feature Matching Theories
USED IN BOTTOM UP PROCESSING
-suggest that we attempt to match features of a patter to features stored in memory
Top Down Processing
Occurs when previous experiences and expectations are first used to recognize and interpret sensory stimuli
- cognition driven
- THIS HAS PETALS AND LEAVES IT MUST BE A FLOWER (starts with sensory inputs, but constructs perception based on prior experience and expectations
Constructive Perception
USED IN TOP DOWN PROCESSING
-the preserver builds a cognitive understanding of a stimulus
-During perception we quickly form and test various hypothesis regarding percepts - the percepts are based on the follow
What we sense
What we know
What we can infer
Unconscious inference
The process by which we unconsciously assimilate information from a number of sources to create perception
Semantic Regularities/Scene Schema
Is a random object in a scene that does not make sense that are not appropriate for the scene
-the things that are appropriate to the scene were recognized more rapidly
What Pathway
Responsible for processing the color, shape, and identity of visual stimuli
Where Pathway
Responsible for processing location and motor information
Mirror Neurons
Neurons that respond to actions whether performed by ones self or someone else
-watching sports
-babies
-monkey EXP
Attention
Means by which we actively select and process a limited amount of information from all the information captured by our senses, stored memory, and other cognitive processes
Selective Attention
Attending to one source of information while ignoring all others
Broadbents Filter Model
- all incoming information goes to sensory memory
- filter identifies attested message based on physical characteristics
- attended message sent to the section that analyzes meaning
- message is sent to Short Term Memory
Low Perceptual Load and High Perceptual Load
not much perceptual stimuli and then more perceptual stimuli
Cognitive Load
How difficult or how tasking a task is
Divided attention
Attention on more than one thing
-allocation of available attentional resources to coordinate the performance of more than one task at a time or the rapid switching of tasks
Scattered Attention Hypothesis
Says that multitasking is not good for us and it will impart and make us fail at tasks more
-has more data supporting compared to trained attention hypothesis
Trained Attention Hypothesis
Says that it could actually be beneficial because it will train us how to switch back and forth better
Schneirder and Shriffing 1977 study
Divided attention task where participants were presented targets in rapid succession and at firs there was only 55% success rate and then after 900 trials there was a 90% accuracy rate
-SO with practice they became better
then they made the task even harder and the results were bad again
-SO this suggest that automatic processing is not possible for difficult tasks
“That moment when you lower the music when looking for the street address so you can ‘see’ better”
Functional Connectivity
Defined as the strength to which activity between a pair of brain regions covaries or correlates over time.
Introspection
used to describe both an informal reflection process and a more formalized experimental approach
What makes up the body of a neuron?
The Cell Body
Order for Atkinson and Shriffins model of memory
input-sensory memory-short term-long term
Limitations for Information Processing
Assumes serial processing and does not account for Top Down Processing
What does Skinner’s operant conditioning show?
is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers EX: there is a lever that provides food so the rat will continue to pull the lever because they want food
Classical Conditioning
Involuntary change in behavior (just happens) for EX: conditioned to be afraid of bunnies because they are presented with loud bangs - negative reinforcers
Connectome
A complete map of the brain neural connections
Distributed Representation has to do with
functional Connectivity AND connectome
Late Selection Model
Listening to voices in both ears - if you are told to focus on what you hear in your left ear, you may still hear stuff in your right ear based on biases
