C/P Flashcards
1
Q
If salt concentration is high in the cell, what will water do?
A
Water will go out of the cell (osmosis)
2
Q
Isotonic
A
denoting or relating to a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or a body fluid.
3
Q
Hypertonic
A
Having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid
4
Q
Hypotonic
A
Having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid
5
Q
Osmosis
A
a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane
6
Q
Colligative properties
A
properties that depend upon the concentration of solute molecules or ions, but not upon the identity of the solute. Properties include vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure.
7
Q
Why does ice float in water?
A
Water’s bent structure and covalently bonded H’s maximizes the hydrogen bonding that occurs producing a hexagonal structure with large empty spaces.
8
Q
Calcium Sulfite
A
CaSO3
9
Q
Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum)
A
CaSO4
10
Q
Beta-minus decay
A
occurs when, in a nucleus with too many protons or too many neutrons, one of the protons or neutrons is transformed into the other. In _________decay, a neutron decays into a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino
11
Q
What is the point of studying children over adults in a study on medicine?
A
Children weigh less and should receive a higher dose.
12
Q
How could 2-methylundecanal and 2-methlyundecanoic acid be separated?
A
An extraction based on their differing solubilities.
13
Q
The more ______ a compound is, the higher its solubility in aqueous solution.
A
Polar
14
Q
The more ______ a compound is, the lower its solubility in aqueous solution.
A
Nonpolar
15
Q
Why are boiling chips used in distillations?
A
They provide nucleation sites that give the liquid a place to start forming bubbles to prevent superheating.
16
Q
Why is vacuum distillation used in distillations?
A
Vacuum distillation is used to lower the BP of the substances to be distilled.
17
Q
Which would most likely be left after the vacuum distillation procedure: decanal or decanoic acid?
A
decanoic acid bc it has more H-bonding and therefore has a higher BP
18
Q
Potential Energy is related by
A
Mass x gravity x height
19
Q
Kinetic Energy is related by
A
1/2 mass x velocity squared
20
Q
What is a stereocenter?
A
An atom/carbon bonded to 4 different substituents
21
Q
What is the preferred ion configuration of many elements on the periodic table?
A
The electron configuration of the nearest noble gas (group 8 column)
22
Q
How is torque related?
A
Torque = radius x Force x sin(theta)
SI unit: N.m
23
Q
Sin (90)=
A
1
24
Q
Sin 0=
A
0
25
Sin (30)=
1/2
26
Sin and cos (45)=
Square root of 2 divided by 2
27
Sin (60)=
Square root of 3 divided by 2
28
Cos (0)=
1
29
Cos (30)=
Square root of 3 divided by 2
30
Cos (60)=
1/2
31
Cos (90)=
0
32
Average Velocity is found by:
Dividing distance over time. V=d/t
33
How can we increase torque?
By increasing force, distance at which the force is applied, and adjusting the angle to make it as close to perpendicular as possible. T=Fdsin(theta)
34
In Competitive Inhibition: Vmax_______ and Km_______
Vmax is unchanged, Km increases
35
In Uncompetitive Inhibition: Km_______ and Vmax_______
Decreases and Vmax decreases
36
In Noncompetitive Inhibition: Vmax______ and Km_______
Vmax decreases and Km is unaffected
37
Nitrogen is good to use in the lab because?
Diatomic nitrogen is relatively inert and can be used as the atmosphere in the lab to prevent unwanted side reactions.
38
What unit is power measured in?
Watts
39
Power=
Current times volume. P=IV
40
Power=
Current squared times R.
| P=I^2R
41
Power=
Velocity squared/Resistance. P=V^2/R
42
LiAlH4 is used to:
Reduce an aldehyde to a primary alcohol
43
What does O3 do?
It cleaves Alkynes into 2.
44
What are aldosterone and estrogen?
They are steroid signaling molecules
45
The majority of steroid hormones names end in?
-one, -en, or -ol
46
What kind of hormone is insulin?
Peptide hormone
47
What is glucose?
It is a sugar ring. It is NOT a steroid signaling molecule.
48
What is the job of a Transferase?
A transferase is any one of a class of enzymes that enact the transfer of specific functional groups from one molecule to another.
49
What does a Lyase do?
It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure.
50
What does an Isomerase do?
It is a general class of enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another
51
What is an oxidoreductase?
It is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor.
52
What does a Hydrolase do?
It is a class of enzyme that commonly perform as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond, which typically results in dividing a larger molecule into smaller molecules
53
What do Ligases do?
It is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond
54
Where is the OH (Hydroxyl) signal on the IR spectra?
It is a broad signal at 3000 cm-1
55
Where is the Carbonyl signal on the IR spectra?
The carbonyl signal is sharp at 1700 cm-1.
56
Disulfide linkages only form between the side chains of ________ residues
Cysteine
57
A molecule with n chiral centers will have how many stereoisomers?
2^n stereoisomers
58
Why does hydrolysis occur more rapidly in the body than in the lab?
The catalytic activity of enzymes in the body (but not in the lab), reduce the activation energy associated with the hydrolysis of ATP.
59
When Delta G is <0, what does this indicate?
The reaction is spontaneous under standard conditions.
60
The angle of incidence always equals?
The angle of reflection
61
Total internal reflection can only result when a ray begins in a ________ material and moves to a _________ material
Higher-index material and moves to a lower-index material.
| Example: Water (1.33) to air (1).
62
The more negative the ___, the more stable it is
RSE (relative stabilization energy)
63
Exothermic process
Outside gets hot. (Exo-exiting heat)
64
Endothermic
Endo-(entering heat)
65
Exothermic reactions have a ______ Delta H
Negative
66
Endothermic reactions have a _____ Delta H
Positive
67
A +RSE would indicate?
It is destabilizing.
68
Charge (Q)=
Voltage (V) x Capacitance (C)
69
Capacitor
A device that stores electrical energy in an electric field
70
Resistor
a device having a designed resistance to the passage of an electric current.
71
Galvanic cell
galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after the scientists Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, respectively, is an electrochemical cell in which an electric current is generated from spontaneous redox reactions (GS)
72
Electrolytic cell
is an electrochemical cell that uses electrical energy to drive a non-spontaneous redox reaction. It is often used to decompose chemical compounds. (EN)
73
Is evaporation increased in dry heat or humid heat?
In dry heat. This is why you feel cooler in dry heat because you sweat more.
74
Aldehydes and carboxylic acids only form from the oxidation of
Primary alcohols
75
Ketones can form from the oxidation of a
Secondary alcohol
76
Tertiary alcohols can not be
Oxidized
77
Metal+bunch of oxygen=
Oxidizing agent (such as Chromium)
78
Silyl ether, Mesylate, and Tosylate
Protecting groups
79
PCC is a _____ oxidizing agent
Weak (this means it can oxidize an alcohol to an aldehyde without oxidizing it all the way to a carboxylic acid)
80
Sodium dichromate, potassium dichromate, and chromium trioxide are
Strong oxidizing agents
81
Ortho substituents
Groups right next to each other
82
Meta substituents
2 groups away
83
Para substituents
Across from each other
84
Phenols are more acidic than straight chain alcohols due to their
Aromacticity
85
The lower the pKa, the ________the acid
Stronger
86
The higher the pKa, the _____ the acid
Weaker
87
Aldehydes take priority over __________ in IUPAC naming.
Alcohols
88
Which has the higher precedence when naming: carboxylic acids or alcohols?
Carboxylic acids
89
Coenzyme Q, an essential electron carrier in cellular respiration is also known as
Ubiquinone
90
London dispersion forces< Hydrogen bonding
Bonding order from weak to strong
91
Alpha-hydrogens can be removed by a
Strong base. (This is because the alpha-hydrogens on the alpha carbon are weakly acidic.)
92
Ketones are ___ acidic than aldehydes
Less
93
Aldehydes and ketones are
Polar, aprotic (No H bonds to an electronegative atom such as N or O), and are hydrogen bond acceptors.
94
Acyl chlorides > acid anhydrides > esters > amides > carboxylates
Order of reactivity with acyl chlorides being the most reactive
95
Gases deviate from ideal activity at _______ temperature and _______ pressure
Low temperature and high pressure
96
gas particles have no volume
| Gas particles experience no attractive or repulsive forces
Ideal Gas core assumptions
97
When do gases behave ideally?
At high temperature
At high volume
At low pressure
98
Are liquids, solids, and gases compressible?
No, only gases are compressible.
99
Average kinetic energy of gas particles is directly proportional to the ________ of the gas. As _______ increases, the average kinetic energy of the gas also increases.
Temperature
100
P1V1=P2V2
Boyle’s Law
101
V1/T1=V2/T2, also
V1/T1=k
Charles’s Law
102
V1/n1=V2/n2
Volume of a gas is directly related to the number of moles of gas particles
Avogadro’s Law
103
What are conditions at STP (Standard temperature and pressure)?
1 atm
0 degrees C=273 K
1 mole= 22.4 L
104
Standard thermodynamic conditions
1 atm and 25 degrees C (298 degrees K)
105
PV=nRT
Ideal gas law
106
Ideal gas constant
R
107
Ptotal = Pa+Pb+Pc+P...
Dalton’s Law
108
Pgas=
(Xgas)(Ptotal)
109
Rate1/Rate2=
Square root of molar mass 2/molar mass 1 (Graham’s Law)
110
Charles’s law states that as temperature increases, volume ______
Increases
111
H
Structural isomers
112
Structural isomers with different functional groups
Functional isomers
113
Structural isomers that inter convert with each other
Tautomers
114
Same side
Z (“Zame”)
115
Opposite side
E (“Episite”)
116
Resistance is defined as resistivity times the length of the resistor divided by the cross-sectional area of the resistor
R=omega looking sign x L / (cross-sectional area of the resistor)
117
1 Coulomb=
1 ampere x 1 second
118
What does a high resistivity show?
That charge doesn’t readily flow through a substance
119
Coulomb’s Law:
F=kq1q2/r^2
120
Mass:
F=Gm1m2/r^2
121
Electric field (E) is related by:
E=Force (F)/ charge (q)
122
1 volt=
1 joule/1 coulomb
123
Electrical potential energy is related by:
U=kQq/r
124
Which direction do negatively charged particles move with respect to the direction of electric field lines?
Opposite the direction of electric field lines
125
If a question asks for weight, the answer will be in:
Newtons, not kg
126
An object will remain at rest or at constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force
Newton’s first law
127
Gives the relationship between net force and the magnitude of the resulting acceleration for an object
Newton’s Second Law
128
If one object exerts a force on a second object, then the second object will exert an equal and opposite force on the first object
Newton’s Third Law
129
Gravitational, electromagnetic, and friction are examples of:
Force
130
Us x N
F static.
N=normal force, m x a
131
-kx
Fspring:
132
Torque=
rFsintheta
Sin (90)=1
133
Work=
Fdcostheta
Cos(0)=1
134
1 atm and 273 K are the temperature and pressure conditions of
STP (Standard temperature and pressure)
135
At STP, one mole of an ideal gas occupies a volume of _____L
22.4 L
136
What is the pH of a base?
Ph>7
137
What is the pH of an acid?
Less than 7
138
Acetic acid is a _____ acid
Weak
139
NaOH is a _____ base
Strong
140
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Proline, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine
Non-polar, aliphatic Amino acids (GAPVLIM)
141
Tyrosine (Tyr,Y), Phenylalanine (Phe, F), Tryptophan (Trp, W)
Aromatic Amino acids
142
Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, and Glutamine
Polar, uncharged amino acids (STCNQ)
143
Lysine (Lys, K), Arginine (Arg, R), and Histidine (His, H)
Basic, positively charged Amino acids (LRH)
144
Aspartate (Asp, D) and Glutamate (Glu, E)
Negatively charged (acidic amino acids)
145
a test result which incorrectly indicates that a particular condition or attribute is absent
False negative
146
Reactions proceeding from solid to liquid to gas are
Endothermic reactions (they require heat)
147
Reactions that proceed from gas to liquid to solid are
Exothermic reactions (they give off heat)
148
Potential energy=
Mass x gravity x height
149
Power =
Work/time
| 1 W= 1J/s
150
Wavelength =
Hc/E
151
Planck’s constant (h)=
6.62 x 10^-34 J.s
152
E (from wavelength equation)=
1.6 x 10^-19
153
Speed of light (c)=
3 x 10 ^8 m/s
154
If two answers given in answer choices are in the same 1:1 ratio, what can you do?
Immediately can rule these two out.
155
The component that is reduced but is never oxidized in the electron transport chain is
Oxygen
156
A higher Ka value signifies a ______ acid
Stronger
157
NADH is oxidized to form NAD+ at which point of the electron transport chain?
At the beginning
158
O2 is _____ to produce H2O
Reduced
159
Fc=
Mv^2/r
160
The only achiral amino acid:
Glycine
161
Isoelectric point (pI)=
1/2 (pKa 1+pKa2)
162
Where will the isoelectric point be if a curve is given?
In the middle
163
Mechanical advantage =
Hypotenuse/height
164
Which Rf will be higher, that of a polar or non-polar substance?
A non-polar substance
165
Solid-phase peptide synthesis proceeds in a _______ to _____ fashion, opposite to amino acids
C-terminus to N-terminus
166
Amino acids are typically written in the ____ to _____ order
N-terminus to C-terminus
167
Trifluoroacetic acid is a _____ acid
Weak
168
_______ is very stable (inert) in the presence of acids and bases and won’t react with reagents
Benzene
169
Flow rate is related by
Cross-sectional area x velocity
170
CH4 is a common example of a
Tetrahedral molecule
171
BF3 is a common example of a
Trigonal planar molecule
172
NH3 is a common example of a
Trigonal pyramidal structure
173
Beta decay does not affect atomic ____
Mass
174
The closer an electron is to the nucleus, or s orbital, the ____ it is to eject
Harder
175
When you’re given Vi, acceleration, displacement, use this equation
Vi^2=Vf^2+2ad
176
A photon of electromagnetic energy, which doesn’t have mass
Gamma particle
177
Where is the atomic mass highest in the periodic table?
In Group 1 elements
178
Log(0.01)=
-2
179
Log(0.1)=
-1
180
Log(1)=
0
181
Log(3)=
0.5
182
Log(10)=
1
183
Log(100)=
2
184
This separation technique is used to separate molecules based upon their specific interaction with the stationary phase
Affinity chromatography
185
Separates charged particles based on their affinity for charged elements of the ion exchange column
Ion-exchange chromatography
186
Can be used to fractionated a protein sample on the basis of only molecular weight
SDS-PAGE
187
Which mechanism does steric congestion tend to promote?
SN1 mechanisms
188
These cells generate sufficient power and have cell potentials that are greater than 0
Galvanic cells
189
Within a given row of the periodic table, ____ have the highest ionization energy, and ionization energies are higher toward the top of a column of the periodic table than toward the bottom
noble gases
190
entropy change symbol
Delta S
191
enthalpy change symbol
Delta H
192
In order to emit a photon carrying energy, an electron must go from a ____ energy level to a _____ energy level
high energy level to a low energy level
193
H3PO4
phosphoric acid
194
H3PO3
phosphorous acid
195
Ammonia's (NH3) conjugate acid is
Ammonium (NH4+)
196
Potential energy in a spring
(1/2)kx^2
197
mirror images of each other
enantiomers
198
these compounds differ at one chiral center
diastereomers
199
the stability of DNA and RNA is largely dependent on the # of ___ base pairs contained within the folded structure
GC
200
the temperature at which 50% of the molecules are denatured or the fraction folded is 0.5
melting temperature
201
electric field units
Volt/meter
202
frequency (f)=
speed of light (c)/ wavelength
203
Chiral centers are sometimes shown by:
dashes and wedges
204
If there are 5 chiral centers, how many stereoisomers are there?
2^n rule
2^5= 32
205
a substance that is insoluble in neutral water, but dissolves in acid is a
base
206
a precursor to steroid hormones, a fused four-ring system that is common to cholesterol and all of the steroid hormones
Squalene
207
the y-intercept of a Lineweaver-Burk plot is equal to
1/Vmax and
| 1/Kcat since Vmax=Kcat[Et]
208
A barometer works because the pressure outside of it is ____ than the pressure inside
higher
209
What does hydrogen bonding do to substances?
It causes their boiling points to increase and lower vapor pressures
210
this number is associated with the potential energy of the electron. It also is associated with the radial "size" of the electron cloud
principle quantum number
211
Resistivity is ____ proportional to temperature
linearly
212
Q=
mcDeltaT
213
Where is the C=O bond located?
It is in the 1700-1750 region
214
Where is the OH bond located?
In the 3200-3500 region
215
Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of NADH to
NAD+
216
Energy=
hf
h=Planck's constant
f= frequency of the gamma photons
217
Power (Watts)=
work (joules)/time (seconds)
also = mgh/time
218
A good buffer has a pKa within __ pH unit of the desired conditions
1
219
What is galactose?
a C-4 epimer of glucose, which means it is a six-carbon aldose
220
catalytic efficiency=
Kcat/Km
| Vmax/Km
221
Adenine and Thymine contain
1 donor and 1 acceptor
222
Guanine contains
2 donors and 1 acceptor
223
Cytosine contains
1 donor and 2 acceptors
224
Guanine has a higher/lower molecular weight than Adenosine?
higher
225
Which amino acid has a side chain that can form a bond very similar to a peptide bond?
Lysine
226
result in increased pI
result in reduced pI
don't contribute to pI
basic amino acids (K, R, H)
negatively charged amino acids (D and E)
neutral amino acids
227
Glycerol's structure has
three OH groups
228
What is the stabilization of glycerol binding likely due to
hydrogen bonding interactions
229
The x-axis of a Lineweaver-Burk plot is
-1/Km
230
Vmax=
Kcat[Et]
231
What does it mean if ATP and glycerol occupy the catalytic cleft?
It means a ternary complex is formed
232
If it asks which peptide is likely to form a covalently bonded dimer, look for
Cysteine, sine it forms disulfide links
233
The unfolding of proteins is a
cooperative process
234
Cooperative processes are marked by
sigmoidal curves
235
Absorption of UV light results in
excitation of bound electrons
236
increasing the polarity of the eluting molecule will increase its
affinity for the stationary phase and its elution time
237
The half-life of a radioactive material is
the time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei
238
The phosphoryl transfer from kinases comes from the
gamma-phosphate of ATP
239
Serine, Threonine, and Tyrosine contain ____ groups in their side chains
hydroxyl groups, and this makes them targets for phosphorylation
240
Which shape do cooperative processes have?
sigmoidal
241
What is a higher melting temperature indicative of?
a more stable protein
242
GC base pairs form stronger ______ interactions than AT base pairs, creating the most thermal stability
pi-stacking
243
The boiling point of a substance will give the best estimate of its
vapor pressure
244
Triacyclglycerols consist of
three fatty acid ester-linked to a single glycerol
245
Where does oxidation and reduction occur in an electrochemical cell?
oxidation at the anode, and reduction at the cathode
246
states that the pressure and volume of an ideal gas at a constant temperature are inversely related
Boyle's law
247
states that if a gas is heated up and the pressure does not change, the volume will.
Charle's law
V1/T1=V2/T2
248
Lewis base
is any substance, such as the OH-ion, that can donate a pair of nonbonding electrons.
249
Lewis acid
a compound or ionic species which can accept an electron pair from a donor compound.
250
_____ increase the rate of chemical reaction, which is the amount of product formed per unit time
Catalysts
251
What does an equilibrium constant greater than 1 mean?
delta G is negative and the reaction is spontaneous
252
What does an equilibrium constant less than 1 mean?
delta G is positive and the reaction is non-spontaneous
253
a type of chemical interaction or linkage as a result of electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions or atoms having different electronegativities
ionic bond
254
bonds occur between identical atoms or between different atoms whose difference in electronegativity is insufficient to allow transfer of electrons to form ions
covalent bond
255
Which atom will be expected to have the smallest second ionization energy:
Na, C, O, or Ca?
Ca
256
pH=pKa+
```
log (base/acid)
or log (A-/HA)
```
257
a blood pressure reading 130/85 shows
85 mmHg is the diastolic pressure
| 130 is the systolic pressure
258
DNA strands of the double helix are oriented in
opposite directions
259
sugar-phosphate backbones form the interior/exterior of the double helix
exterior
260
which bond is the shortest?
| C-H, C-O, C-C, or O-N
C-H
261
A negative focal length means the lenses are
diverging lenses
262
these lenses form virtual and reduced images of objects at distances larger than the focal length
diverging lenses
263
Red litmus paper turns blue in a
base
264
blue litmus paper turns red in a
acid
