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Pre-AP World History 9 > Byzantine/Islam Empire > Flashcards

Byzantine/Islam Empire Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Excommunication

A

taking away a person’s right of membership in a Christian Church

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2
Q

Define Icon(s)

A

Religious images used by eastern churches

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3
Q

Who was Justinian? (527-564 CE)

A

Byzantine emperor, failed to reconquer Western Empire and revamped Constantinople. Sees himself as true “Roman” emperor.

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4
Q

What was the Justinian Code

A

body of Roman civil law collected and organized by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian (A.D. 534)

Three Parts:
Digest
Code 
Institutes
The laws, judicial decisions and text on how to interpret those decisions.
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5
Q

Patriarch

A

a principal bishop in the eastern branch of Christianity

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6
Q

Cyrillic Alphabet

A

Alphabet of many Slavic languages, devised by Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius

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7
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

greatest of churches built by Justinian and considered the most beautiful of all until Turks turned it into a mosque.

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8
Q

Mosaic

A

painted stone or ceramics to create beautiful portraits and religious images

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9
Q

Schism

A

split between Latin Roman Catholic church and Greek Eastern Orthodox church

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10
Q

What made the schism official?

A

(official in 1054) excommunication of the Catholic Pope by the Eastern Patriarch and the excommunication of the Eastern Patriarch by the Catholic Pope

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11
Q

Iconoclast

A

Eastern Orthodox Christians who came to believe that showing images of Jesus and Saints was a sin.

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12
Q

What did people who supported Iconoclast want to do?

A

They wanted to destroy all of the Icons of the Eastern Church

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13
Q

Islam

A

religion founded by Muhammad, “submission to the will of Allah”, monotheistic, originated in arabian peninsula. Mecca and Median were centers of trade.

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14
Q

Astrolabe

A

navigation device perfected by Muslim sea traders, so they could determine their position in relation to Mecca for daily prayers

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15
Q

Hijrah

A

migration of Islamic prophet Muhammad and followers from Mecca to Yathrib.

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16
Q

Mosque

A

traditional Muslim place of worship

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17
Q

Calligraphy

A

visual art of writing

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18
Q

Muslim

A

follower of Islam

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19
Q

Hajj

A

Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca at last month of year, all Muslims are expected to venture once.

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20
Q

Sunni

A
  • ppl who followed the example of Muhammad
  • did not outwardly resist for the sake of peace
  • go with the flow
  • 80% of the population
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21
Q

Shi’a

A
  • “party” of Ali
  • members were called “shi’ites”
  • tried to resist Umayyads
  • thought all descendants of Muham. should rule
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22
Q

Sunna

A

Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad

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23
Q

Shari’a

A

body of laws governing the lives of Muslims

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24
Q

Qu’aran

A

sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to prophet Muhammad. Basis of Islamic faith

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25
Q

Allah

A

Arabic word for god (to Abrahamic faiths)

26
Q

Caliph

A

supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government, successor Muhammad.

27
Q

Ummayyads

A

dynasty that ruled Muslim Empire from A.D. 661 - 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus

  • family came into power
  • moved capital to Damascus-> abandoned life of simplicity and surrounded themselves in wealth
  • their changes divided Muslims
28
Q

Abbasids

A

dynasty ruled much of the Muslim Empire from A.D. 750 to 1258

  • most powerful
  • group overthrew Umayyads
  • took control of Empire
29
Q

What was the major contribution of Constantine to the history of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire?

A

Constantinople

30
Q

How did the Byzantine Empire influence the cultures of Eastern Europe and Russia?

A
  • Architecture (Dome, Religion, Alphabet)
  • Religion
  • Alphabet
31
Q

Muhammad

A
  • founded Islam
  • not very educated
  • orphaned at age 6
  • Gabriel (angel) told Muhammad that he was the messenger of Allah
32
Q

“People of the Book”

A

Jewish, Christians

  • all from same place/events
  • old testament
33
Q

Sufi

A
  • ppl who rejected luxurious life of Umayyads

- prefered life of poverty and devotion to a spirtual path

34
Q

Four Classes of Muslims

A

upper class- muslim at birth
second class- converts to islam
third class-“protected ppl”=christians, jews and Zoroastrians
lowest class-slaves & prisoners of war (non-muslims)

35
Q

Role of Women in Muslim Society

A

-men and women are euqual
-muslim women had more rights than other women of their time
-for a man to divorce his wife–> say “I dismiss the” three times
-responsibilities of wives depend on income of the husband
poor couple: wife works in fields with husband
wealthier: supervised house hold servants and had access to education among scholars and poets
-ALL women were responsible for raising kids
-early times= women could go in public and later they had to be veiled if gone in public

36
Q

House of Wisdom

A
  • a center of learning established in Baghdad in 800s
  • combination of library, academy and translation center
  • scholars of different cultures = translate Greek, Indian, Persians into Arabic
37
Q

Why did people in Mecca reject Muhammad at 1st?

A

Believed his ideas would lead to neglect of arab gods

38
Q

Significant Events of Muhammad’s Life

A
  • Born in 570 CE
  • Heard Voices and Revelations of Angel Gabriel in 610
  • Preaching began in 613
  • Fled Mecca in 622 (already a sacred city before rise of Islam)
  • 630 united tribes
39
Q

Ka’aba

A

Holiest shrine and structure of Islam (original structure by Adam)

40
Q

Prophets of Islam

A
  1. Adam
  2. Noah
  3. Abraham
  4. Moses
  5. Jesus
  6. Muhammad (Last Prophet)
41
Q

_____ to Muslims is the last revelation of god, holy book of Islam?

A

Qu’ran

42
Q

5 Pillars of Islam

A
  1. Faith (Shahada) - no god worthy of worship except god, and Muhammad is his prophet
  2. Prayer (Salat) - x5 times a day (dawn, noon, late afternoon, sunset, before going to bed)
  3. Charity (Zakat) - Almsgiving (Charitable Donations) all things belong to God. Purification and growth
  4. Fasting (Sawm) - Ramadan is a method of self-purification (no food sunrise to sunset)
  5. Pilgrimage (Hajj) - to Mecca, once a Muslim’s lifetime
43
Q

Eid Al-Adha or Eid Al-Eitr

A

Festival at the end of Ramadan

44
Q

Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem

A

Muhammad ascended into Heaven

45
Q

Other Religious Practices…

A

4 wives allowed at once
NO alcohol or pork
NO gambling

46
Q

3 Holiest Cities

A

Mecca
Medina
Jerusalem

47
Q

What was Islam able to spread quickly?

A

Trade/Trade Routes
Conquest
Equal under the Lord

48
Q

What did “People of the Book” have to do?

A

Pay taxes, although they had religious freedoms

49
Q

Where did Muslim armies spread, with culture and language following along with it….

A

North Africa, Middle East, and Persia

50
Q

What did Muhammad’s successor do?

A

spread empire across North Africa, Egypt, Syria, and Persia

51
Q

Why did the Sunni and Shi’a split?

A

Disagreement over right of succession

52
Q

What happened in 732 CE Tours, France?

A

Muslims defeated and expansion into Western Europe halts.

53
Q

What role did cities play in the advancement of Muslim culture?

A
  • moved capitals constantly

- once in a city–> spread all around it bc of trade and cult. diffusion

54
Q

Notable Achievements (List 3-5)…

A 
Architecture
Mosaics
Arabic Alphabet
Universities
Translation of Ancient Texts into Arabic
Arabic Numerals (including zero [started by Gupta Empire])
Algebra
Medicine
Expanision of Geographic Knowledge
55
Q

Why the location of Constantinople?

A

Protection for eastern frontier
Farther from invading Germanic tribes
Closer to trade
Easy to defend with a peninsula surrounded by water

56
Q

Results of Moving Capital…

A

Western Empire “fell to ashes”, but Eastern Empire gained strength

57
Q

Legacy of Byzantines…

A

Art and Architecture
Preservation of ancient Greek and Roman cultures
Expansion of Eastern Orthodoxy (Greek) to Western Roman Catholic

58
Q

Eastern Church (Greek)

A

Centered in Constantinople
Use Greek language
Headed by Emperor THEN Patriarch
Allowed priest to be married

59
Q

Western Roman Catholic Church (Latin)

A 
Centered in Rome
Latin during service
Headed by Pope ONLY
Pope can be married
Use of Icons
60
Q

Legacy of Byzantines…

A

Expanded trade routes
Adoption of Orthodox Christianity in Eastern Europe and Russia
Adoption of Greek Alphabet by Slavic cultures of Eastern Europe (Cyrillic Alphabet)
Church architecture and religious art

61
Q

Other areas Byzantine Orthodox can be seen…

A

Serbian
Greek
Romanian
Albanian

62
Q

_______ recognize the authority of the Pope but use Orthodox tradition liturgy and icons

A

Byzantine Catholics

Pre-AP World History 9 (1 decks)

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