Bygy Flashcards
How does globalisation occur?
International trade
International investment
Improvements in communications
What has happened as a result of globalisation?
Countries have become more interdependent, they rely on each other
How has in,robe nets in ICT affected globalisation?
Improvement ends including email, the Internet, phones, phone lines means it is quicker and easier for businesses to communicate with each other. A company may have its head quarters in one country and easily communicate with branches across the globe
How has improvements in transport affected globalisation?
Improvements include more airports, high speed trains, larger ships making is quicker and easier to communicate face to face and to export supplies across the world and distribute products globally
What is globalisation?
The process of the worlds economies becoming integrated, the world comes together as a single community
What are call centres used for?
Used by companies to handle telephone enquiries for businesses
How have call centres benefited from globalisation?
Improvements in ICT mean that’s if easy to phone faraway countries
Why are call centres based abroad?
Labour costs are cheaper and so are running costs
Give an example of a call centre
In 2004 Aviva moved 950 call centre jobs from the uk to India and Sri Lanka as it is 40% less
How have localised industrial regions benefited from globalisation?
Improvements in ICT and transport mean some industries can develop around a specific region which is useful but they still have global connections
Give an example of a localised industrial region
A lot of Motorsport companies have offices in Oxfordshire and Northampton, Renault have a headquarters there. They are close to silverstone race circuit and have lots of skilled workers. It is near an airport so people can easily fly there. Manufacturers use the Internet to send and receive information
Give case study details on Motorsport valley
It employs 40,000 people 25,000 of which being engineers
80% of the worlds best engineers and designers work here
Annual revenue of £9billion
4,500 companies operate here 87% export produce globally
Sales exceed £5 billion of which 65% are exports
What is Motorsport valley?
A cluster of world famous company headquarters of global Motorsport companies
What businesses are located in Motorsport valley?
Aston Martin
Mercedes
Cosworth
Ricardo
What are TNCs?
Companies that produce products sell products or is located in more than one country
How do TNCs increase globalisation?
They link together countries through the production and sale of goods
Why are TNC factories located in poor countries?
Labour is cheaper so more profit is made
Why are TNC headquarters located in rich countries?
There are more people with administrative skills
Ads of TNCs
Create jobs
Employees in poor countries get a more reliable income compared to farming
TNCs spend money to improve local infrastructure
New technology and skills are brought to poorer countries
What are the ads of primary to the uk
Cheap fashion
Keeps uk important
Dis ads of primark to uk
Bad working conditions
Bad press for unethical conditions
Ads of primark to Bangladesh
4 mill employees 3rd biggest manufacturing location £13 bill in exports in 2009/10 Brings foreign currency in 40 mill are connected in the industry 1:4 work in textiles New standards
Dis ads of primark on Bangladesh
$30000 pa If they complain primark can move anywhere People work more than 100hrs People live in bad polluted areas Leakage Child labour No contracts Abuse
Ads of TNC in Bangladesh to propimark
Cheap labour
200,000 items made a day
Highly skilled designers but cheap manufacturers
No tax
Disadvantages of TNC in Bangladesh on primark
Increased minimum wage
Bad press
Disadvantages of TNC
Badly paid wages Long hours Poor conditions Leakage Not secure jobs
What is industrialisation?
The growth the manufacturing industry
Why are call centres located in India?
Good internet access
Cheap labour- 1/10 of the wage in Europe or us
Highly educated workforce; 2 mill graduate a year
Speak English
Excellent international data communications
What are the conditions in a call centre like?
Late shifts Overcrowding Fake names Earn £3000 a year Qualifications Infrastructures
What happened in 1977 that help China industrialise?
Dang xiaopeng changed China’s policy to stimulate Chinese industry and encourage foreign investment
What happened in 1979 which helped China industrialise?
The one child policy meant a lower population so an increase in disposable income in consumables
What happened in 1978 which helped China industrialise?
The communist party started to introduce capitalist principle in the agricultural sector meaning people had an incentive to produce good products as opposed to trading produce for rewards with the state
What happened between 1989 and 1994 that helped China industrialise?
The setting up of economic zones paved the way for foreign investment and tax incentives attracted interest from outside China
What happened between 2000 and 2006 that helped China industrialise?
Cloth manufacture more than doubled and car production increased by more than six times and mobile ownership increased nine times
What happened between 2000 and 2003 that helped China industrialise?
1/5 of exported garments were Chinese 50% of the worlds shoes 60% of the worlds bikes
What also happened in 2003 that helped China industrialise?
Nest steel production was thought to be 25% of the total world output
What happened in 2008 that helped China industrialise?
The 3 gorges dam generates 22,500 MW hydro electric power and has consequently allowed global development
What happened in 2015 that helped China industrialise?
The Chinese president came to the uk to promote investment
How have individual people tried to reduce global warming?
- Conserving energy at home by using low-energy light bulbs, switching off electrical appliances, insulating lofts
- walking or cycling to work or school rather than getting the car
- reducing waste by reusing materials or recycling
- buying organic food to reduce the use of chemical fertilisers
- paying a carbon offset when making a journey
How have local authorities tried to reduce carbon emissions?
The promote public transport by using park and ride schemes in towns and cities
Grants are available for people to insulate their homes
People are encouraged to recycle waste materials
Congestion charges discourage cars from entering the city centre
What has the national response to carbon emissions been?
Tougher Mot tests
Higher road taxes
Supports transport initiatives such as bus lanes
Encourages recycling and waste reduction
Power stations are fitted with filters to reduce emissions
Reduce co2 by 60% by 2050
Produce 10% of electricity renewably by 2010, in 2005 it was 4%
Develop new sources of energy
Encouraging energy conservation
What does the kyoto protocol state?
- 37 industrialised countries that have signed the treaty are legally bound to reduce their co2 emissions by an average of 5.2% below their 1999 levels by 2012
- only the USA and Australia have refused to sign
- those that have signed including Russia accounts for over 60% of co2 emissions
- over 170 have signed
- the USA has refused to sign on the grounds that the costs of reducing co2 to the environment would harm its economy
What are carbon credits?
Trading carbon between organisations or countries in order to meet the overall target. Organisations that have not used up carbon credits can trade credits on the open market, organisations that have exceeded their quota may choose to buy carbon credits rather than installing expensive equipment. Overall a balance is achieved and a target is met
When has globalisation existed since?
1960s
What is interdependence?
The relationship between two or more countries usually in terms of trade
What is a transnational corporation?
Companies that spread their operations around the world in an attempt to reduce costs
How have costs of telephone calls changed?
Decreased since 1930
How have ocean freight and port charges per short ton of import and export cargo changed?
Decreased since 1930
How has the average air transport revenue per passenger mile changed?
Decreased since 1930
What is a satellite and how have they helped globalisation?
An object that revolves around the earth following a particular path or orbit. They allow telephone and data conversions to be relayed via transponders within the satellite
How has submarine cables helped globalisation?
Allows global operations for both manufacturing and service industry
What is the sea-me-we?
A submarine cable system linking south east Asia, the Middle East, and Western Europe
When WA Ethe sea-me-we developed?
1980s
What extensions were added to the sea-me-we?
39,000km in length have advanced to Western Europe to the Far East and Australia
What is sea me we designed to do?
Offer high speed transmission between the linked countries designed to meet demand in countries with growing economies
What is a call centre?
Offices where groups of people work responding to telephone queries from customers, employees sit in front of computers giving them information that they use to answer they questions
Why have call centre in India?
About 10% of the population speak English fluently
80% of 787 million living in towns are literate and 18% of these are graduates
Low staff turnover; working 9 hour shifts
Development if ICT allows fast clear communication
Operating costs between 10 and 60 percent lower that in the uk
Where will TNCs tend to have their headquarters?
In richer spare as of the world
Where does production for TNCs occur?
Often in poorer areas where labour costs are lower
Also in richer areas as there is a skilled workforce
What is the multiplier effect?
Where initial investment and jobs lead to a knock-on effect, creating further jobs and providing money to generate services
What is leakage?
Where profits made by the company are taken out of the country of origin and so do it benefit the host country
What are the overall advantages of TNCs?
Multiplier effect
Additional income people have benefits local businesses
Training the workforce leads to the development of skills
Companies bring in new technologies
Infrastructure is improved
Improves trade
What are the disadvantages of TNCs?
Leakage
Low wages
Susceptible to closure if underperforming
Incentives to attract companies are not well spent if companies are only there a short time
The government has no say on the future of the TNCs
How has tape manufacturing industry changed in the uk?
The number of people fell from just over 6 million in 1981 to 3.5 million in 2003
What caused the decline in manufacturing in the uk?
De-industrialisation, a decline in a certain type of manufacturing due to increased mechanisation and the need for industry becoming competitive which continues over a long period of time resulting in fewer people being employed in this sector and falling production
Examples of government legislation that couple affect industry and manufacturing
Setting up areas where conditions are favourable for new industry
Providing advanced factories
Offering retraining and removal expenses
Ensuring educational reform is high on the list
Adding taxes to home produced goods so the exports are targeted
What are assisted areas/ enterprise?
Areas that qualify for government help. Enterprise zones are on a smaller scale than assisted areas
What are advanced factories?
Where buildings for production are built speculatively in the hope that their presence will encourage buisnesses to buy or rent an existing factory, removing the need to find a site or suitable premises
What are do workers have the rights to in the Uk
Know how to do their job safely and are trained
Know how to get first aid
Know what to do in an emergency
Supplied with protective clothing
What happened in 1970 with the trade unions?
Trade unions frequently held strikes and power cuts occurred. Companies such as Nissan and Toyota came to the uk understanding that strike action would not be allowed.
List some facts about the impacts and demand for energy
-uK. Average earnings increased to £457 per week in 2007 up by 2.9% from 2006
-The average wage in China has risen to 1750 yuan a month, four times higher than in 1995
- private car ownership in China increased from virtually zero in 1997 to 24 million in 2005. Seven million were sold in 2006
- in the uk the number of families without a car fell for 32% to 27%
The number owning two or more cars rose from 24% to 29% in 10 years
Social effects of increased demand for energy
Increase in emphysema and bronchitis, athe a
People cycle to work
Less holidays abroad
Environmental impacts of increased in demand for energy
Landfills have built up adjacent to coal mines when unneeded material has been dumped
Transportation of oil ha stead to major oil spills
Global warming
What has globalisation resulted in?
increased international trade
a company operating in more than one country
greater dependence on the global economy
freer movement of capital, goods, and services
recognition of companies such as McDonalds and Starbucks in LEDCs
What could influence globalisation?
Improvements in transportation - larger cargo ships mean that the cost of transporting goods between countries has decreased. Economies of scale mean the cost per item can reduce when operating on a larger scale. Transport improvements also mean that goods and people can travel more quickly.
Freedom of trade - organisations like the World Trade Organisation (WTO) promote free trade between countries, which help to remove barriers between countries.
Improvements of communications - the internet and mobile technology has allowed greater communication between people in different countries.
Labour availability and skills - countries such as India have lower labour costs (about a third of that of the UK) and also high skill levels. Labour intensive industries such as clothing can take advantage of cheaper labour costs and reduced legal restrictions in LEDCs.
Wind power in the uk facts?
Aim: to generate 10% of power by renewable energy sources
Role: to be responsible for one third of electricity generated
Location in 2008: mostly onshore
What was agreed at the 2015 Paris climate change summit?
Limit global rise in temp to 1.5 degrees
$1 bill a year in climate finance for developing countries
Why are windfalls good?
Attract fish
Sustainable
No co2
Why are windfalls bad?
Noisy Eyesore Harmful effects on wildlife House prices reduce More expensive
Why has there been an increase in energy use?
Increased population means more people need energy
Increased wealth means more technology and more factories burning fuel
What was the Kyoto protocol?
An international agreement to cut co2 emissions to help reduce global warming
When was the Kyoto protocol?
1997
What are food miles?
The distance travelled from where they are grown to where they are eaten
What is the carbon footprint?
The amount of co2 generated by things people do
What was agreed at the 2015 Paris climate change summit?
Limit global rise in temp to 1.5 degrees
$1 bill a year in climate finance for developing countries
Why are windfalls good?
Attract fish
Sustainable
No co2
Why are windfalls bad?
Noisy Eyesore Harmful effects on wildlife House prices reduce More expensive
Why has there been an increase in energy use?
Increased population means more people need energy
Increased wealth means more technology and more factories burning fuel
What was the Kyoto protocol?
An international agreement to cut co2 emissions to help reduce global warming
When was the Kyoto protocol?
1997
What are food miles?
The distance travelled from where they are grown to where they are eaten
What is the carbon footprint?
The amount of co2 generated by things people do
What are the environmental impacts of palm oil?
85% produced in Malaysia or Indonesia 1/2 products used contain palm oil People depend on the rainforests that are destroyed Endangered species Speeds up global warming
What is a locavore?
Someone who buys food locally within 100 miles of where they live
Why is buying food locally good
Reduces carbon footprint
Reduces food miles
Better for you as no chemicals used
Supports local business
What is bad about buying local food?
Farmers in LEDCs lose profit
Limit diet
Why does eating meat consume the earth?
Uses water and crops
Deforestation occurs to make space
Give of methane
How can we eat less meat
Stem cell grown meat
Insects
Vegan
Vegetarian
What is good about stem cell meat
1 animal makes a billion burgers
No food
No methane
What is magical land and why is it used?
Land that is only just good enough to be worth farming. It has to be used as there is increased pressure to produce food
How does soil become damaged?
Lack of vegetation leaves it prone to being washed away by rain, wind. After a bad harvest the soil is exposed and all the nutrients are taken leaving poor soil
How can countries prevent other countries from getting water
Diverting water
Building dams
If India prevents Pakistan from getting water what may happen
War could happen
Pakistan would not be able to farm at all
How did India and Pakistan agree to share water
Signed a treaty in 1960; Pakistan had westward flowing water and India eastward
Is the Indus water issue solved
No, India is happy but Pakistanis crops fail
What health and safety issues are there for poor farmers
Chemicals cause rashes and chest problems
Why is there a water shortage in Kenya
Water levels are falling
Land is used for flowers not food
Flower growers take more water than they should
Water is affected by fertilisers
What is a subsistence farmer?
Self sufficient farmer, keep own crops, don’t sell
What is a cash crop
Crops produced for commercial use rather than for the grower
How do cash crops help poor farmers
More cash allows investment in the farm and other items to be bought
If poor farmers have to buy fertiliser for cash crops what problem does this cause
Need to intensify production
Increase of fertilisers of pesticides
Name special economic zones in China
Pudong district, Shanghai
Why has food miles increased?
Growing population
Increased demand for ethnic food
Increase in want for out of season food
What are the predicted effects of global warming in the uk
Droughts and floods more frequent Windier weather Extinction of plants Cost decrease Sea levels rise Coastal erosion
What does defeat estimate the annual average temperature rise to be?
Between 2 and 3.5 degrees
Advantages of global warming
Fewer deaths due to cold weather
Longer growing seasons
Colder areas able to grow crops
Disadvantages of global warming
Arctic ice may melt completely
Ski resorts close
Areas become prone to drought
Higher sea levels
What are the global predicted effects for of global warming the world
Increased tropical storms Reduced rainfall Higher rice yield Floods in Bangladesh (sea levels) Too warm for coniferous forests
What are economic zones?
areas with little to no tax
What was the first initial event that triggered China’s rapid growth?
The election of deng xiaopeng in 1977 who changed China’s China’s policy to end chins isolation no stimulate industry
Social impacts of increased energy use
More power plants must be built which are unsightly
These power plants may have leaks resulting in deaths
Creates jobs
Economic impacts of increased demand in energy
Countries with lots of fossil fuels will become richer
Countries without will need to buy from them
Environmental impacts of increased demand in energy
Co2 released which contributes to global warming
Acid rain
Deforestation
Environmental impacts of increasing food production
Destroys habitats
Out of season food means learner carbon footprint and increase in number of food miles travelled
Lots of water used
Contributes to climate change
DisAds of importing food
Costs a lot of money to ship food (trucks and trains)
Food spoils after it is picked or processed.
Sometimes more expensive
Out of season sometimes increases carbon footprint
Ads of importing food
Come times cheaper
Variety of foods/fruits/veggies during your local off season.
Ads of local produced food
Decreases pollution
Improves local economy (no leakage)
Fresher food
Creates local jobs
Political impacts of increasing food production
Hostilities with countries over the control of water for irrigation
Social impacts of increased food production
Never enough some people always starve
Poor working conditions
Economic impacts of increased food production
Agriculture i a Huge part of developing countries economies
Revenue improves infrastructure
Social impacts of cash crops
Provides skilful jobs
Germs and bacteria in tomatoes
92% of water used in agriculture so some people don’t have water
360 litres per year of water used
Economic impacts of cash crops
Expensive salivation of water
500,000 seeds grown each day
15,000 mile journey in 80hrs
Environmental impacts of cash crops
Marginal land used 92% of water for agriculture Water quality bad due to chemicals Tomatoes from in Morocco have carbon footprint 3x lower that out of season in the uk Creating water shortage Moroccan environment degraded
