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by me Flashcards

1
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) side effects

A
  • Thromboembolism: EPO increases blood viscosity and triggers the release of proinflammatory cytokines.
  • Hypertension: EPO increases systemic vascular resistance, possibly due to activation of erythropoietin receptors on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells
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2
Q

which type of amyloidosis happen in dialysis

A

accumulation of b2 microglobulin due to low clearance. can lead to carpal tunnel syndrome and other involvement of osteoarticular structures.

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3
Q

MOA of Patiromer

A

Patiromer is a nonabsorbable cation exchange resin that binds colonic potassium in exchange for calcium, trapping potassium within the resin where it is then excreted in the feces. used in CKD hyperkalemia.

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4
Q

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate MOA

A

nonabsorbable cation exchange resin that binds intestinal potassium in exchange for sodium and hydrogen. unlike patromier It is more selective for potassium and does not interfere with absorption of magnesium or other medications.

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5
Q

acid base disturbance at high altitude

A

respiratory alkalosis. give CA inhibitor to relieve alkalemia

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6
Q

what happens to the contralateral kidney in renal artery stenosis in terms of sodium excretion?

A

sodium excretion increases in the contralateral kidney to compensate for the high fluid due to activation of RAAS in the kidney that had stenosis

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7
Q

BPH and haematuria

A

Microscopic or gross hematuria can sometimes arise in patients with BPH due to the formation of new, friable blood vessels in the area of prostatic hyperplasia

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8
Q

difference between PTH and PTHrP

A

However, unlike PTH, PTHrP does not significantly increase 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production due to structural differences after the first 13 amino acids.

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9
Q

where is EPO generated from?

A

peritubular fibroblasts in the renal cortex

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10
Q

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) bad prognostic factor

A

adult onest

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11
Q

staph aureus causing necrotizing pneumoniae virulence factor?

A

Panton-Valentine leukocidin

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11
Q

what is the most common cause of pneumoniae in HIV?

A

strep pneumoniae

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12
Q

what are the main cells increased in sarcoidosis on bronchial lavage?

A

CD4+ lymphocytes

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13
Q

serpentine cords characteristic of which bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a classical morphologic appearance under microscopy. The cells are arranged in long, slender, serpentine cords due to the presence of a hydrophobic surface glycolipid called cord factor.
cord factor forms cylindrical micelles that surround the organism and prevent macrophage-mediated destruction within the phagolysosome.

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14
Q

aging of resp system: PaO2, O2 satu, CO2, A-a gradient

A

lower PaO2, normal O2 satu, A-a gradient is high, normal CO2

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15
Q

what are cell changes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

high fibroblasts, low type 1 pneumocytes, high type 2 pneumocytes, abnormal basement membrane

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16
Q

which lung lobe does alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency affect mostly and why?

A

lower lobes, due to higher perfusion and more neutrophils reaching

17
Q

which cells are involved in COPD:

A

neutrophils, macrophages, and CD8+ T lymphocytes

18
Q

what is the most common bacteria colonizing CF patients in young and adults?

A

staph mainly in young. pseudomonas in elderly

19
Q

acute pulmonary edema vs chronic lung congestion histology features

A

acute pulmonary edema: engorged alveolar capillaries are evident and the intraalveolar transudate appears as acellular pink material

chronic lung congestion: Hemosiderin-laden macrophages (“heart failure cells”)

20
Q

what is
Bronchial challenge testing?

A

assess bronchial hyperreactivity and exclude asthma. A provocative stimulus (typically aerosolized methacholine, a cholinergic muscarinic agonist) is administered at increasing concentrations to induce bronchoconstriction

21
Q

moa of Pirfenidone and use

A

antifibrotic agent that inhibits TGF-β; for IPF

22
Q

nintedanib MOA and uses

A

tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits PDGF, FGF, and VEGF for IPF

23
Q

allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

A

Patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis in particular may develop an allergic hypersensitivity reaction to the fungus. The result is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), which occurs in 5%-10% of corticosteroid-dependent asthmatics. can result in bronchiectasis

24
Q

What are the tumor marker for small cell lung cancer?

A
  • Neuroendocrine markers: NCAM, neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin
25
Q

Dextromethorphan

A

is a nonopioid central antitussive agent that activates sigma receptors in the medullary cough center of the brainstem

26
Q

MOA of Cromolyn

A

Cromolyn and nedocromil inhibit mast cell degranulation and prevent release of preformed chemical mediators

27
Q

CF vit A deficiency

A

Avitaminosis A in particular may contribute to squamous metaplasia of the epithelial lining of pancreatic exocrine ducts, which are already injured and predisposed to squamous metaplasia by inspissated mucus

28
Q

zileuton MOA

A

a 5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitor that reduces the production of leukotrienes (it does not block leukotriene cell surface receptors). It can be used for treatment of asthma

29
Q

what is the most common cause of death in CREST syndrome?

A

pulmonary arterial hypertension

30
Q

non caseating granuloma causes

A

sarcoidosis, berylliosis,?

31
Q

epistaxis anterior bleeding

A

kiesselbach plexus: superior labial artery
ethmoidal arteries
greater palantine artery
sphenopalantine artery

32
Q

epistaxis posterior bleeding

A

from sphenopalantine artery, branch of maxillary artery

33
Q

drainage of sphenoid and posterior ethmoidal sinus

A

superior meatus

34
Q

drainage of frontal, maxilary sinuses. and anterior and middle ethnmoidal sinuses

A

middle meatus

35
Q

drainage of nasolacrimal duct

A

inferior meatus

36
Q

abiraterone

A

abiraterone, a medication that irreversibly inhibits 17-alpha-hydroxylase. This limits extratesticular ( adrenals) androgen production, which slows the growth of the prostatic adenocarcinoma

37
Q

which ligament carries the ovarian vessels?

A

suspensory/ infundibulopelvic ligament

38
Q

Trazodone

A

is a sedating antidepressant used off-label most often as a hypnotic to treat insomnia associated with depression or antidepressant treatment. It has been associated with the rare but serious side effect of priapism

39
Q

what happens to endothelin and thromboxane A2 in preeclampsia

A

they increase

40
Q

what hormone decreases in preeclampsia

A

vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor

UWORLD (1 decks)

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