BWS/Final Flashcards
Discuss the procedure required to perform under-flight wires…
Min ground clearance hover + 25ft with a brisk walk speed
Name the different types of take-offs
Normal
Constant angle
Verticle
Level acceleration
When should level acceleration take place?
Power required to hover is max power available
The decision to go around may be made at any time but in limited power situations should be determined before…
Descending below barriers or decelerating below ETL
An approach to the forward one-third of the usable (landing) area will reduce the…
approach angle and minimize power requirements
What actions are performed upon contact with the enemy?
-Establish flight profile
-TAR
-Maintain contact and develop situation
-Execute COA
What are the elements when transmitting a SPOT report?
Size
Activity
Location
Time
What are you going to do
What is the definition of low level flight?
Constant attitude and airspeed, dictated by threat avoidance 80-200ft AHO
What is the definition of Contour flight?
Low altitudes conforming to earth’s contours 25-80ft
What is the definition of NOE?
Varying airspeeds as close to earth’s surface as permitted 0-25ft above vegetation
Two main types of aerial checkpoints?
Air control point (ACP)- Air reference point by terrain or NAVAID
Communications Point (CP)- Air reference measure requiring report to command or ATC
Avoid steep right turns below 45 KIAS close to the ground to…
Maintain sufficient lateral control margin of recovery
What should be done prior to masking and unmasking?
a thorough map/photo recon should be completed so that all eyes can be focused outside during unmasking.
Standards for Aerial observation..
1) Detect target
2)Identify target
3) Locate target
4) Report target as briefed
What are the most important of these factors that affect the ability of an observer to search a given area effectively?
Altitude, airspeed, terrain and meteorological conditions, visual cues.
What are visual cues?
-Color
-Texture
-Shadows
-Trails
-Smoke
-Movement and light
-Obvious sighting
-Heat
Perform go around when…
Anytime successful landing is in doubt implement go-around
Perform aborted takeoff the crew will abort a takeoff when the safe outcome of the maneuver is in question due to..
1) Risk of exceeding limitations
2) Unexpected hazards
3) Directed by ATC
Tactical considerations
Mission
Security
Location
Technical considerations
Landing formation
Obstacles
Number of aircraft
Ground Slope
Loads
Approach/departure
Size of landing area
Surface condition
Meteorological Considerations
Visibility
Density Altitude
Winds
Ceiling
Holding areas are selected by…
map recon
Cover and concealment
Obstacles
Key Terrain
Avenues of app/dep
Security
Perform actions on contact
Establish flight profile
Report (TAR)
Maintain contact
Recommend COA
Tactical flight mission planning
Analyze the mission
Map/photo recon
Select terrain flight modes
Select routes
Distance
Fuel
WB
CB
Hazards to terrain flight
Meteorological-WX
Physical- Natural/man made
Human
Perform masking and unmasking
In flight
Vertically
Laterally
Wind recognition
Ground indicators
Aircraft indicators
Forecast
Perform VMC takeoff/approach
Situation
Long axis
Obstacles
Wind
Transmit tactical Report
Size
Activity
Location
Time
What are you doing
Arial observation
Detection
Identification
Location
Reporting
Factors that affect a visual search
Weather
Altitude
Airspeed
Terrain
Cues
Human Eye
Visual Cues
Movement
Color
Light
Obvious Sightings
Shadow/Shapes
Smoke
Texture
Trails
Heat
Scanning techniques
Motive –> >10KIAS (acquisition, Recognition)
Stationary
Side scan
Gross mass
7,903 lbs
Tie down limits
154 lbs
Max personnel
11
Engine oil pressure limits
Cautious 1.3-1.5
Continuous 1.5-5.0
Max 5.0
Engine oil temp limits
-10-115
Transmission oil limits
Min 1.0
Caution 1.0-1.5
Continuous operation 1.5-5.0
Transmission temp
-10-105
Prohibited flight manuevers
-Aerobatic Maneuvers
-Intentional full autorotation to landings
-Flying into icing conditions
Rotor starting and stopping limitations in high winds_____ training____
50 Kts limitation
30 Kts training
Mass moment limitations
Red circle-64%
Yellow circle-50%
Ground slope limitations
Left- 11
Right- 6
Nose up- 8
Nose down- 8
RPM Warnings
95%- Steady light low pitch beep
106%- Flashing light/Warning Gong
110%- Flashing light/High pitch
Types of drag
Parasite- Non lifting
Profile- Friction of rotor blades through air
Induced flow- Production of lift, High AOA
Total drag- Sum of all drag
IGE- In ground effect
In ground effect- Increased efficiency within 1 rotor disk
-Reduces rotor tip vortices caused by horizontal flow of air along the ground
-Lower pitch angle reduces profile drag and power
OGE- Out of ground effect
Increased induced flow requires an increased AOI to maintain the same AOA
-More drag on the blades needing more power to hover
Dissymmetry of lift
Difference in lift between advancing and retreating blades
-Blade flapping
Blade flapping
Advancing blade flaps up velocity at 3 o’clock with increased induced flow, increased induced flow
Max nose up flap 12 o’clock
Retreating blade flaps down with max 9 o’clock. Decreases induced flow
Max down flap is over the tail, Overall rotor disk is tilted aft (Blowback)
Cyclic feathering
Fix blowback, Changes the AOI of each blade differentially around the rotor system.
Forward movement advancing blade has decreases AOA and retreating blade has increased AOA leading to forward facing thrust
Translating Tendency
Tail rotor thrust used to counteract torque effect pushes the helicopter to the right counteracted by left cyclic
Transverse flow
10-20 kts front half or disk operates in more horizontal flow of air and increases lift
Rear portion of disk operates in a higher induced flow caused by the amount of time the disk has to operate on air passing over it
Difference in lift between fore and aft portions of disk cause unequal drag and vibration
Effects manifest in 90 degrees in rotation
Effective translational lift
16-24 kts Blades outrun their own downwash and operate in relatively undisturbed air.
-Increased efficiency, increased rate of climb and performance
Settling with power
Helicopter settles in own downwash, vortex ring state forms vortices at blade tips
-Condition:
1)Descent >300 ft/min
2)Low airspeed < ETL
3)20-100% power to rotor with insufficient power to arrest descent
-Conducive Conditions
1)Steep approach at high rate of descent
2)Downwind approach
3)Formation flight approach
4)Hover above max. hover ceiling
5)OGE hover bad altitude control
6)Masking/unmasking
Dynamic Roll Over
A lateral rolling tendency that occurs on level ground, slopes, or in crosswinds
-Pivot Point, A rolling motion, Exceeds critical angle
-Human Factors (IIIFL)
1)Inattention
2)Inexperience
3)Inappropriate control inputs
4)Failure to take timely corrective actions
5)Loss of visual reference
Inadvertent IMC procedures
Announce
Attitude
Heading
Torque
Trim
Airspeed
Altitude
Talk/transponder
Inspect ALSE
180 days
All weight and balance records will be reviewed every _____ months
12
An aircraft will be weighed after what 3 things
1)Overhaul/major repair
2)Modification >1% A/C basic weight
3)Any mods where CG cannot be accurately computed
Under layer clothing made of ______,_____, _____ is approved
Cotton, Wool, Nomex
Closed NACA inlet is ______ min max
30
Max floor load
123 lb/ft
Min autorotation
60 KIAS
VNE spoiled and cabin open
100 KIAS
VNE spoiled rearward flight
15 KIAS
Max crosswind w/doors opened/spoiled
30 KIAS
PPC update if____
temp increase of 5
PA increase of 500’
Weight increase of 200lbs
Weight balance form
365-4
Land Immediately
The urgency of landing is paramount. Primary consideration is to assure survival of the occupants
Land as soon as possible
Land without delay at the nearest adequate site at which a safe approach and landing can be made
Land as soon as practicable
The landing site and duration of flight are at the discretion of the pilot. Extended flight not recommended
External power limits (starter)
20/60/20/60/20/- 30 min off
Onboard battery limits (starter)
30/60/30/60/30- 30 min off
External power (ventilation)
15/60/15- 23 min off
Onboard battery (ventilation)
20/60/20- 23 min off
Minimum transient (power on)
85%
Min continuous
GM <2000 kg 96% (power on) 80% (power off)
GM >2000 kg 96% (power on) 85% (power off)
Max continuous
104% (power on/off)
Partial power (max 5 min)
106% (power on/off)
Max transient (max. 12S)
106% (power on)
110% (power off)
Currency: Individuals must take part in flight every ____ days
60
