BV Disorders Flashcards
What are the main components of normal blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, endothelial cells, smooth muscles, ECM, lymphatics.
What are the types of arteries?
Large (elastic), medium (muscular), small arteries (arterioles) & capillaries.
What is arteriosclerosis?
Hardening of arteries due to thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls.
What are the three types of arteriosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis, Monckeberg sclerosis, Arteriolosclerosis.
What is Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis?
Dystrophic calcific deposits in media of small to medium-sized muscular arteries, without affecting blood flow.
What are the main causes of arteriolosclerosis?
Hypertension (HTN) and Diabetes Mellitus (DM).
What is atherosclerosis?
Systemic disease characterized by intimal lipid and cholesterol deposition forming atheromas, leading to vascular dysfunction.
How does atheroma form and progress?
Cholesterol deposition → macrophage engulfment → fibrous plaque formation → fibrous cap covering → possible rupture.
What are the components of an atheroma?
Fibrous tissue, smooth muscle, endothelium, macrophages, foamy cells, inflammatory cells, cholesterol clusters, calcium deposits.
What are complications of atherosclerosis?
Plaque rupture, thrombosis, hemorrhage, aneurysm, ischemia.
Which arteries are commonly affected by atherosclerosis?
Abdominal aorta, iliac, coronary, popliteal, carotid, Circle of Willis (brain).
What are the main risk factors for atherosclerosis?
Non-modifiable: Age, male gender, genetics. Modifiable: Hyperlipidemia, HTN, smoking, diabetes, diet, lifestyle.
How does LDL and HDL affect atherosclerosis?
LDL (bad cholesterol) increases risk; HDL (good cholesterol) is protective by mobilizing cholesterol to the liver.
What dietary factors influence atherosclerosis?
Bad: Saturated fats, cholesterol. Good: Omega-3 fatty acids, unsaturated fats.
What are the effects of smoking on atherosclerosis?
Increases severity, lowers HDL, increases risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD).
How does diabetes contribute to atherosclerosis?
Induces hypercholesterolemia, increases risk of MI, stroke, and gangrene.
