Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioural Science > Buzzwordy things > Flashcards

Buzzwordy things Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe Cross sectional

A

looks at data in one group at a given time
q: What is happening right now?!?!
a: shows risk factor association but not causality
measures DISEASE PREVELANCE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe Case control

A

odds ratio
what happened?
looks at people with dz now to see what rf/exposures they had before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe Cohort study

A

relative risk
who will or who did get disease?
looks at people with rf now to see if they will or if they did get the diesase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Three thigns that increase quality of a clinical study

A

randomized
controlled
double blind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe triple blind

A

1) pt doesnt know if getting tx or placebo
2) dr doesnt know if pt getting tx or placebo
3) researcher analyzing data doesnt know which patients got tx and which got placebo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is measured in phase one

A

is it safe?

safety, toxicity, PK and PD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is measured in phase two

A

does it work?

efficacy, dosing, a/se

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is measured in phase th ree

A

is it the same or better?

new vrs standard of care tx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is measure in phase four

A

can it stay?
long term and/or rare effects
can result in tx being pulled from market

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define: selection bias

A

error ir assigning subjects to a study group resulting in an unrepresetnative sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to decrease selection bias

A

randomize

ensure choice of the right comparison reference group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define: recall bias

A

awareness of disorder alters recall by subjects; common in retrospective studies (case control, can be cohort)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to decrease recall bias

A

decrease time from exposure to follow up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define: measurement bias

A

information is gathered in a way that distorts it. ie crappy machinery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How to decrease measurement bias

A

use standardized method of data collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define: procedure bias

A

subjects in different groups are not treated the same ie ppl with dz will be in hospital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How to decrease procedure bias

A

blind and use placebo - reduces influece of ppts and researchers on procedures and interpretation of otucomes bc will not be aware of allocations of tx/placebo

** same as observer-expectancy bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define: observer-expectancy bias

A

researcher’s belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment
ex: pygmalion effect/self-fulfilling prophecy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How to decrease observer-expectancy bias

A

blind and use placebo - reduces influence of ppts and researchers on procedures and interpretation of outcomes bc will not be aware of allocations of tx/placebo

**same as procedure bias

20
Q

Define: confounding bias

A

when a factor is related to both the exposure and outcome but not the causal pathway– factor will distor or confuse effect of exposure on outcome

21
Q

How to decrease confounding bias

A

a) multiple/repeated studies
b) cross over studies - subjects act as own controls
c) matching - pts with similar cxtics in each group

22
Q

Define: lead-time bias

A

early detection is confused with increased survival

23
Q

How to decreased lead-time bias

A

measure ‘‘back-end’’ survival: adjust survival according to the severity of disease at the time of diagnosis

24
Q

how to increase power

A

power in numbers

  • increase sample size
  • increase expected effect size
  • increased precision of measurement
25
Q

p-value really means what?

A

boooo

the chance that the data will show something that is not really there

usually want this to be less than 5%
alpha/type I error –> rejecting the Ho (no difference) in favour of the Hi (yes difference) –> saying there is no difference when there really is.
putting an innocent man in jail –> saw guilt when there wasnt any :(

26
Q

confidence interval for means includes zero. what do you say?!

A

there is no significant difference

Ho is not rejected

27
Q

confidence interval for odds ratio includes one. what do you say?!

A

there is no significant difference
(a/c)/(b/d)
Ho is not rejected

28
Q

confidence intergal for relative risk includes one. what do you say?!

A

there is no significant difference

a/a+b)/(c/c+d

29
Q

confidence intervals overlap. what say you?

A

usually no significant difference exists

30
Q

confidence intervals do not overlap. what say you?

A

usually yes significant difference exists.

31
Q

when do you use a t test

A

Two for tea and tea for two

to check differences between the mean of two groups

32
Q

when do you use ANOVA

A

analysis of varaince - three words

to check differences between means fo three or more groups

33
Q

when do you use Chi-squared?

A

CHI-tegorical

to check differences between two or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes NOT MEANS

34
Q

define quartenary disease prevention

A

identifying pts at risk of unnecessary treatment, protecting from the harm of new interventions
*think treatment in hospice and that one psych disease where can have tons of procedures done….somatiform? **ask jordan on weekend if dont find before then **

35
Q

what are the four parts of medicarE

A

a: hospitAl insurance
b: Basic medical Bills (Dr fees, dxtic testing)
c: parts a + b delivered by approved private Companies
d: prescription Drugs

36
Q

when is parental consent not required

A

SEX DRUGS ROCK n ROLL
sex - contraception, sti, pregos
drugs - addiction
rock n roll - emergency/trauma (despite religious/cultural believes)

OR emancipated, married, in military

37
Q

what makes an oral directive more valid?

A

a) patient was informed
b) directive was specific
c) patient made a choice
d) decision was repeated over time to multiple people

38
Q

priority of surrogates in surrogate decision-maker

A

spouse > adult children > parents > adult siblings > other relatives
uworld q

39
Q

examples of exceptions to patient confidentiality

A

a) reportable disease - sti, tb, hep, food poison
b) tarasoff decision - physicion directly inofrm and protect potential victim from harm **remember story from bioethics where person was murdered by pt suffering mental illness
c) child or elder abuse
d) impaired automobile drivers
d) suicidal or homicidal patients

40
Q

principles guiding exceptions to patient confidentiality

A

i) potential physical harm to others is serious and imminent
ii) likelihood of harm to self is great
iii) no alternative means exists to warn or to protect those at risk
iv) physician can take steps to prevent harm

41
Q

17 year old wants an abortion. Medical ethics say what?

A

many states require parental notification or consent for minors for an abortion

unless specific medical risks associated with pregnancy, a physician should not attempt to sway the decision of the patient to have an elective abortion regardless of maternal age or fetal condition ***

think about this becky, patient before self/fetus remember.

42
Q

A 15 year old is pregnant and wants to keep the child. Her parents want you to tell her to give the child up for adoption

A

Child/patient retains right to make decisions regarding her child, even if her parents disagree.

Educate patient about practical issues of caring for baby.
Discuss options if requested.

Encourage discussion between teenager and parents to reach best decision

43
Q

Terminally ill patient requests physicain assistance in ednign his/her own ife

A

in overwhelming majority ot stares, refuse involvement in any form of physician-assisted suicide. physicians may, however, prescribe medically appropriate analgesics that coincidentally shorten the patients life

44
Q

Problems associated with low birth weight (<2500 g)

A 
SIDS, increased overall mortalilty
impaired thermoregulation
impaired immune function
hypoglycemia
polycythemia
impaired neurocognitive/emotional development
45
Q

Complications associated with low birth weight (<2500 g)

A 
infections
respiratory distress syndrome
necrotizing enterocolitis
intraventricular hemorrhage
persistent fetal circulation
46
Q

presbycusis

A

sensorineural hearing loss in elderly - usually associated with high freqeuncy loss due to destruction of hair cells at cochlear BASE

47
Q

frequencies found at cochlear base?

frequencies found at cochlear apex?

A

base - high frequency –> b kind of looks like an h… ;) OR bass doesnt not equal base.
apex - low freqeuncy

Behavioural Science (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions