Buzz Words Flashcards
1
Q
SSRI we use for PMS?
A
Fluoxetine
2
Q
MC symptom during menopause?
A
hot flashes
3
Q
Most common pathogen causing mastitis?
A
Staph aureus
4
Q
How do we treat mastitis?
A
Dicloxacillin, continue to breast feed
can also do warm compresses
I and D if there is abscess that isn’t going away after abx treatment
5
Q
Fibroadenomas are MC in what population?
A
late teens to early 20’s
6
Q
Do fibroadenomas wax and wane?
A
Nope
7
Q
What is the most common breast disorder?
A
Fibrocystic Breast Disorder
8
Q
Are breast cysts tender?
A
Typically yes
9
Q
Do fibrocystic cysts? wax and wane?
A
yes
10
Q
On a hormone level, what is happening to men who develop gynecomastia?
A
Increased estrogen and decreased androgen
11
Q
Most common causes of PID?
A
N. gonorrhea and Chlamydia
12
Q
“cervical motion tenderness” should make you think of what?
A
PID
13
Q
What is Chadwick’s sign?
A
Cervix and vulva have a bluish color–present after 8-12 weeks
14
Q
What is normal fetal heart rate?
A
120-160 bpm
15
Q
How do we determine estimated date of delivery?
A
1st day of LMP + 7 days - 3 months
16
Q
If we’re worried about Rh incompatibility, when do we give RhoGAM?
A
at 28 weeks and within 72 hours of childbirth
17
Q
What is happening during a abruptio placentae?
A
premature separation of placenta from uterine wall
18
Q
What is the biggest risk factor for abruptio placentae?
A
Maternal hypertension
19
Q
How will a woman present with abruptio placentae?
A
Continuous bleeding (3rd trimester), painful uterine contractions, and a ridgid uterus
20
Q
What is the most common place for an ectopic pregnancy to occur?
A
Fallopian tube
21
Q
What is the classic triad for ectopic pregnancy?
A
- Unilateral pelvic/abdominal pain
- Vaginal bleeding
- Amenorrhea
Typically will present with positive cervical motion tenderness
22
Q
Tell me about Beta-HCG levels during a) normal pregnancy b) ectopic pregnancy c) molar pregnancy
A
a) should double every 24-48 hours
b) it ain’t gunna double.
c) super high levels
23
Q
When do we screen for gestational diabetes?
A
24-28 weeks
24
Q
Do we deliver early for gestational diabetes women?
A
Yup, 38 weeks
25
What is the gold standard for diagnosing gestational diabetes?
3-hour 100g oral glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Do a 50g oral glucose challenge first, it the blood sugar is greater than 140 after one hour, proceed to the 3-hour test
26
What is the treatment of choice for gestational diabetes? and what is our goal for a fasting blood sugar?
Insulin!
95
27
What is the difference between a complete and partial molar pregnancy?
Complete--No DNA fertilized by 1 or 2 sperm
| Partial--egg is fertilized by 2 sperm
28
What can a molar pregnancy develop into if not treated?
Choriocarcinoma
29
What do we see on ultrasound of a molar pregnancy?
"snow storm" or "cluster of grapes" appearance
30
What do we call hypertension that is after 20 weeks, has no symptoms, and no proteinuria?
Gestational
31
What is the definition of preeclampsia?
HTN WITH proteinuria
i've read some conflicting info, but it is my understanding that this can happen at any point during pregnancy and does not have to be after 20 weeks to be considered preeclampsia
32
What may be symptoms of preeclampsia?
Headache and visual symptoms
33
What does HELP syndrome stand for?
Hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets
This is bad news. Can lead to DIC. Can also lead to pulmonary hypertension.
34
What is the definition of chronic HTN?
HTN before 20 weeks gestation, continues for 6 weeks post-partum
35
What do we call an abnormal placenta implantation on or close to the cervical os?
Placenta Previa
36
How will placenta previa present differently from placenta abruptio? (sp)
placenta previa is painless! will not have any abdominal pain but will have sudden onset of bleeding. Fetal heart rate is normal. In abruptio the FHR typically becomes bradycardic.
37
Postpartum hemorrhage: how much blood is lost in a vaginal delivery compared to c-section?
Vaginal: 500 ml
| C-section: 1000 ml
38
What is the most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage?
Uterine atony
....what is uterine atony?
when the uterus is unable to contract to stop the bleeding
39
How do we diagnose premature rupture of membranes?
Do a Nitrazine test.
Can also do a Fern test.
No idea what either of these tests actually are.
40
MC complication of premature rupture of membranes?
Infection
41
BPH, we have obstructive and and irritative symptoms--name a few of each
Obstructive: hesitancy and straining, postvoid dribbling, and sensation of incomplete emptying
Irritative: frequency, nocturia, and urgency
42
What class of medications can be a reason for your patients ED?
Beta-blockers
43
"bag of worms"
varicocele
44
Varicocele---right or left testicle?
Left
45
Principle symptom of urge incontinence? stress incontinence?
urge--strong desire to void, followed by loss of urine
stress--leakage of urine with increased intra-abdominal pressure--laugh, cough, or sneeze
46
Difference between phimosis and paraphimosis?
Phimosis: can't get the turtle out
Paraphimosis: can't get the turtle back in
47
Cryptochidism puts you at risk for?
Testicular torsion and testicular cancer
48
What is the Prehn sign?
relief of pain with scrotal elevation
49
Orchitis has a link to what disease that we commonly vaccinate for?
Mumps
50
This male disease is characterized by sudden onset of high fever, chills, low back pain, and perineal pain?
Prostatitis
51
How do we treat prostatitis?
Abx: FQ's
| NSAIDs for pain
52
What is the most common malignancy in young men?
Testicular cancer
53
How will a patient with testicular cancer present?
Painless, solid testicular swelling
54
How do we diagnose testicular cancer?
Orchiectomy is performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic reasons
that sucks.
55
Where do we want to get a sample for a Pap?
SCJ--squamocolumnar junction
56
What is it called when the SCJ begins to recede into the cervix?
metaplasia
57
Where do nabothian cysts originate from?
| What about cervical polyps?
Cysts: ectocervix
Polyps: endocervix
58
The benefits to these forms of birth control is that they regulate menses, decrease acne, and decrease hirsutism.
Pill, patch, and ring
59
What effect does estrogen have on lipids?
Increase HDL, lower LDL, and increase triglycerides
60
In terms of BC methods, what is most effective at protecting against STI's?
Condoms
61
How does the copper IUD prevent pregnancy?
Foreign body reaction and chemical changes that may be toxic to sperm and ova
62
How do hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy?
Inhibits secretion of pituitary gonadotropins via negative feedback mechanism which prevents follicular maturation and ovulation
63
Any persisting dermatitis or the nipple and/or areola should make you think of?
Paget's disease
64
What is the lifetime risk of developing breast cancer?
1 in 8
65
For BRCA1 mutations, the risk of developing breast cancer by age 70 is?
57%
66
For BRCA2 mutations, the risk of developing breast cancer by age 70 is?
49%
67
What is the only type of hernia that is more common in women?
Femoral
68
True or False:
Indirect hernias are typically found in the scrotum
True
69
Crooked, painful erections should make you think of?
Peyronie's disease
70
Acute epididymitis often occurs with what disease?
Chlamydia
71
Gardasil has a bivalent and a quadrivalent version. What do they both protect against?
Bivalent: HPV 16 and 18
Quadrivalent: HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18
72
When do we give the gardasil vaccine?
Females: start before first sexual contact, usually 11 or 12. Three dose vaccine
Males: For ages 9-26, ideally before first sexual contact. Bivalent is not recommeded
73
When is hCG secreted into maternal circulation?
6-12 days after ovulation
74
When can we hear a fetal heartbeat?
10-12 weeks
75
When can fetal movement first be detected? "quickening"
18-22 weeks
76
Are men or women more likely to be the cause of infertility?
its da same--30 percent
77
Number one cause of female infertility?
Ugh, i don't know. I think it's endometriosis. Some places say PCOS or "ovulatory disorders".
You're welcome for the clarity.
78
Number one cause of male infertility?
Idiopathic.
again, so helpful.
79
We have a couple with fertility issues, what's our first step?
Start with the male--do a semen analysis
80
Clomiphene citrate should make you think of?
A medication that helps induce ovulation
81
This type of ovarian cyst is usually not symptomatic, usually resolves spontaneously, and is a result from failure of ovulation
Follicular
82
This type of ovarian cyst occurs after ovulation, is thin-walled and unilocular, and doesn't slough off when there's not fertilization
Corpus luteum cyst
83
What are commonly referred to as "chocolate cysts"?
Endometrioma
84
1st line of treatment for ovarian cysts?
OCPs
85
We can diagnose PCOS clinically based on these 3 presentations. Tell me them.
1. Oligo or amenorrhea and anovulation
2. Hyperandrogenism (obesity 50%, hirsutism 30-75%)
3. Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound
86
PCOS patients never get the "surge" of this hormone.
FSH
87
So we have a patient with PCOS, what other disease is it really important that we test for?
Diabetes
88
With PCOS
We have ________ release but we don't have _______ release so _________ never gets released.
Answers: a hormone, an enzyme, a hormone
LH, aromatase, FSH
89
Ovarian cancer is more closely linked to BRCA 1 or BRCA 2?
BRCA 2. but still 1!
90
What is our cancer marker for ovarian CA?
CA-125
91
85-90% of ovarian CA originates in the ________ of the ovary.
Epithelium
92
True or false:
the clear cell type of ovarian cancer is usually benign.
False. Almost always malignant.
93
True or False:
ovarian cancer is the most lethal GYN malignancy
True.
Presents late :(
94
What chromosome is uniquely linked to ovarian cancer?
9
95
Do we screen for ovarian cancer?
No
96
How do we diagnose ovarian cancer?
Transvaginal ultrasound, laparoscopic evaluation
97
What is the number one breast complaint?
Breast pain
98
What is the only FDA approved treatment of mastalgia but often d/c due to significant androgenic side effects?
Danazol
99
Ok, so our patient has nipple discharge and it looks funky. What is the most common cause of pathologic nipple discharge?
Papilloma---papillary tumor growing from lining of the breast duct
100
Unilateral, confined to one duct, bloody discharge are characteristics of something that is benign or pathologic?
Pathologic
101
What is the gold standard for diagnosing breast cancer?
Biopsy--"aspiration"
yes, even over imaging.
102
What type of breast cancer often mimics an infection?
Inflammatory breast cancer
103
What is the most common type of breast cancer?
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
approx 70-80% of all breast CA
104
How will mastitis present differently from inflammatory breast cancer?
Mastitis patient will have a fever
105
Most common sites of breast cancer metastasis?
Lymph nodes, muscle, fatty tissue, and SKIN
106
What percentage of STDs occur in 15-25 year olds?
Nearly 50%
107
Test for Gonorrhea and chlamydia?
NAAT
108
How do we test for gonorrhea in men compared to women?
Women---swab
| Men--UA
109
How do we treat gonorrhea?
Ceftriaxone IM plus azithromycin
110
Is the incubation for gonorrhea or chlamydia longer?
Chlamydia
Chlamydia is 2-3 weeks, gonorrhea is 1-14 days
111
How do we treat chlamydia?
Azithromycin
112
DOC for bacterial vaginosis?
Metronidazole
113
Pathogen for syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
114
What stage of syphilis is the patient in if they present with a painless chancre?
Primary
115
What stage of syphilis is the patient in if they present with a rash, fever, headache, and malaise.
Secondary
116
DOC for syphilis?
Penicillin
117
Treatment for phimosis and paraphimosis?
Circumcision
118
What do we call it when the urethral meatus is not at the tip of the penis?
Hypospadius
119
What do we call a persistent, painful erection?
Priapism
120
What is the best way to give testosterone?
Poorly absorbed orally--give it through injections
121
We always talk about the strains of HPV that cause cancer, but which strains are the most common?
6 and 11
122
What serious side effect can Tamsulosin cause?
Floppy iris syndrome
123
Where does prostate cancer metastasize to?
Bones
124
Where does testicular cancer metastasize to?
Lungs
125
When it comes to labor, there are 4 pieces of data we must gather. What are they?
1. Ascertain fetal lie (transverse, longitudinal)
| 2. Ascertain fetal presentation (cephalic 97%, breech 3-5%, shoulder
126
What is Friedman's curve?
A curve supporting data that suggests that the duration of labor appears longer today than in the past.
127
What are the 3 p's of labor?
1. Passenger (infant size, position)
2. Passage or Pelvis
3. Power (uterine contractility)
128
Epidural numbs from?
L4 to toes
129
What are the 7 cardinal movements of labor?
1. Descent, flexion, and engagement
2. Internal rotation
3. Extension of fetal head
4. External rotation of fetal head (internal shoulder rotation)
5. Expulsion
130
What medication do we give to treat and/or prevent a postpartum hemorrhage?
Pitocin
131
What percentage of pregnancies are lost?
20%
132
At what week gestation do we test for Group B strep?
36
If positive, treat with IV penicillin during labor
133
What is warning sign you see with uterine rupture?
Warning sign is a retraction ring across uterus between symphysis and umbilicus
134
The hypothalamus regulates production of this hormone
GnRH
135
The anterior pituitary controls release of these 2 hormones
LH and FSH
136
Why is the concentration of FSH in blood less variable than concentrations of LH in the blood?
FSH is cleared much more slowly from our blood.
137
What is the Circhoral Oscillator?
Releases GnRH in pulses--about every 60-120 minutes
138
There are 2 major classes of steroids--what are they and what are examples of each?
Gonadal steroids: progestogens, androgens, and estrogens
| Adrenal steroids: corticosteroids, mineralcorticoids
139
What is thelarche?
breast development
140
Are sterols highly water or fat soluble?
Fat
141
When might we use the free androgen index?
To see if a female is undergoing unwanted masculine changes
142
When estrogen levels are high, it has a __________ feedback on GnRH
Positive
143
The production of this hormone distinguishes the luteal phase from the follicular phase?
Progesterone
144
What is uterine thickening that occurs when endometrial tissue invades the myometrium?
Adenomyosis
145
What kind of drugs do we give to shrink fibroids?
GnRH agonists
OCPs can control bleeding but don't treat the fibroid
146
In a woman of childbearing age, abnormal bleeding and pain are related to _______ until proven otherwise
Pregnancy
for the love of pete, always get a pregnancy test
147
In a woman not of childbearing age (postmenopausal), abnormal bleeding is related to _______ until proven otherwise
cancer
148
True or False.
PMDD is a DSM-V diagnosis?
True
149
Vaginal bleeding in a 1-day old infant?
estrogen from mom, totally normal
150
Dysmenorrhea and infertility in a 25 year old?
Endometriosis
151
Dysmenorrhea and increasingly heavy periods in a 48 year old?
Endometrial hyperplasia
152
Regular periods but a uterus the size of a 10 week pregnancy in a 35 year old?
Fibroid
153
new onset vaginal bleeding in a 70 year old?
cancer until proven otherwise
154
What supplement do you give to prevent neural tube defects?
Folic acid
155
What does folic acid obscure?
B12 deficiency
156
What kind of drug is doxylamine?
Antihistamine
157
What's another name for Pyridoxine?
Vitamin b6
158
How do we treat trich and BV in a pregnant woman?
Metronidazole
159
What antibiotic do we give a pregnant woman for gonorrhea?
Ceftriazone
160
What cream do we give a pregnant woman for candidiasis?
Clotrimazole cream
161
What happens when we give Labetalol IV?
1. its more effective
| 2. More beta adrenergic activity than alpha
