Butler's Model of Tourism

Question 1

What are the six stages in Butler’s Model of Tourism

Answer 1

Exploration -> Involvement -> Development -> Consolidation -> Stagnation -> Decline/Rejuvenation

Question 2

Characteristics of Tourist arrivals in the Exploration Stage

Answer 2

A small number of individual adventurous tourists. Visits are irregular and do not occur throughout the year.

Question 3

Characteristics of Economic Contributions by tourist in the Exploration Stage

Answer 3

Tourists make minimal contributions to the local economy.

Question 4

Features of a destination in the Exploration Stage

Answer 4

The destination possesses:
* Natural attractions or features which offer scenic views or an attractive unspoilt natural environment.
* Cultural attractions with landmarks of historical or heritage value.
* Lack of facilities (e.g car parks, roads, toilets) for tourists.

Question 5

An example of a destination in the Exploration Stage

Answer 5

Jaco Island in Timor Leste:
* Few international visitors due to inaccessible location and lack of tourism facilities
* Houses the only national park in the country with attractive beaches.

Question 6

Characteristics of Tourist arrivals in the Involvement stage.

Answer 6

• Increased tourist arrivals due to increase in advertisement and publicity.
• Tourist arrivals vary at different times of the year.
• Peak and non-peak tourist seasons develop

Question 7

Characteristics of Economic Contribution by tourists in the Involvement stage

Answer 7

Tourist’s contribution to the economy begin to grow.

Question 8

Features of a destination in the Involvement Stage

Answer 8

• The destination experiences a rise in goods, services and facilities to cater to tourists.
• Goods and services are usually provided by locals.
• Amenities and facilities are requested by locals and are usually built and maintained by local authorities.

Question 9

Example of a tourist destination in the Involvement stage

Answer 9

Kuang Si Waterfalls in Laos:
* Authorities invested money to improve facilities at the waterfall.
* Increase in number of travel agencies and transport providers to enhance accessibility from the town area to the waterfall.
* Increase in tourists visiting the waterfall.

Question 10

Characteristics of Tourist arrivals in the development stage.

Answer 10

Tourist arrivals increase rapidly

Question 11

Characteristics of economic contribution of tourists in the development stage.

Answer 11

Tourism sector employs a significant number of workers, contributing significantly to the local economy.
* Labour from other parts of the country and other countries will be attracted to work in the booming tourism sector of the destination.

Question 12

Features of a destination in the development stage.

Answer 12

• The number of attractions and facilities built increase rapidly. Large businesses build more elaborate facilities and man-made facilities.
• Heavy advertising of the destination
• Increase in large and medium businesses in retail and leisure.
• Destination becomes recognised as a tourist destination

Question 13

Example of destination in Development Stage.

Answer 13

Phu Quoc island in Vietnam:
* Received investments to build an international airport and seaport.
* Attracted major businesses within the tourism industry.
* In 2019, it had a rapid increase in tourist arrivals to 5.1 million.
* Tourism sector employs a significant proportion of the local population.

Question 14

Characteristics of tourist arrivals in the consolidation stage

Answer 14

• Total annual tourist arrivals at the destination outnumber the local population.
• Growth in annual tourist arrivals start to slow.

Question 15

Characteristics of economic contributions by tourists in the consolidation stage

Answer 15

• The tourism industry dominates the local economy.
• Continues to employ a significant number of workers and contributes greatly to the local economy

Question 16

Features of destination in the consolidation stage

Answer 16

• Slowing down in the number of attractions and facilities built.
• Majority of tourist facilities and hotels are often owned by large multinational companies, supporting large numbers of tourists.

Question 17

Example of destination in the Consolidation Stage

Answer 17

Goa in India:
* Tourism sector employs a significant proportion of the local population.
* In 2019 foreign tourists (7m) outnumber the locals (1.5m)
* Many large multinational companies such as Mariott International owns hotels such as the Westin Goa and the W Goa.

Question 18

Characteristics of tourist arrivals in the stagnation stage

Answer 18

• Tourist arrivals have peaked and begin to decline as the destination has reached or exceeded its carrying capacity.
  *Tourist arrivals exceed the maximum number of people the environment can accommodate, resulting in negative effects.

Question 19

Characteristics of economic contributions by tourists in the stagnation stage.

Answer 19

Contributions to h economy start to stagnate.

Question 20

Features of a destination in the stagnation stage.

Answer 20

• Destination may no longer be attractive.
• Facilities and attractions may decline as they become old and run down.
• Tourists start to feel that the location no longer has anything to offer them in term of experience and interest.

Question 21

Example of tourist destination in the stagnation stage

Answer 21

Hawaii, USA(1990s - 2000s)
* Tourism arrivals and expenditures began to decline in the late 1990s and early 2000s
* Waikiki, a major tourism spot, had become very crowded and the facilities and attractions were getting old and run down and in need of major renovations

Question 22

Characteristics of tourist arrivals in the decline stage

Answer 22

Tourist arrivals decline significantly if no steps are taken to revive the destination.

Question 23

Characteristics of economic contributions by tourists in the decline stage

Answer 23

Contributions to the economy decline significantly.

Question 24

Features of a tourist destinations in decline

Answer 24

• Local businesses are affected and may clos, negatively affecting the economy and livelihoods.
• Less money available to maintain and improve facilities.
• Facilities deteriorate further leading to fewer tourists.
• This stage may not occur for all destinations.

Question 25

Example of destination in decline stage

Answer 25

Blackpool, UK (1990s)
* Once a popular coastal tourist destination.
* Lost its attractiveness due to competition from other European coastal locations with more competitive pricing.
* With fewer tourists, many old inns either deteriorated or had to shut down.

Question 26

Characteristics of tourist arrivals in the rejuvenation stage

Answer 26

Destination becomes more attractive again by:
* New investments to develop attractions and facilities.
* Rebranding of the destination leading to an increase in tourist arrivals again.

Question 27

Characteristics of economic contributions by tourists in the rejuvenation stage

Answer 27

Contributions to the economy increase again.

Question 28

Features of destinations in the rejuvenation stage

Answer 28

Funding provided to:
* Redevelop the area (building of new facilities and attractions) making it more attractive.
* Advertise the revamped tourist destination
This stage may not occur for all destinations.

Question 29

Example of tourist destination in rejuvenation.

Answer 29

Blackpool, UK (Present)
* Local authorities engages the private sector to invest 30m to build Blackpool Central, a world-class leisure development which aims to attract >600m visitors annually.
* Remarketed itself as a Muslim-friendly and disabled-friendly destination.