Butler's Model of Tourism Flashcards
What are the six stages in Butler’s Model of Tourism
Exploration -> Involvement -> Development -> Consolidation -> Stagnation -> Decline/Rejuvenation
Characteristics of Tourist arrivals in the Exploration Stage
A small number of individual adventurous tourists. Visits are irregular and do not occur throughout the year.
Characteristics of Economic Contributions by tourist in the Exploration Stage
Tourists make minimal contributions to the local economy.
Features of a destination in the Exploration Stage
The destination possesses:
* Natural attractions or features which offer scenic views or an attractive unspoilt natural environment.
* Cultural attractions with landmarks of historical or heritage value.
* Lack of facilities (e.g car parks, roads, toilets) for tourists.
An example of a destination in the Exploration Stage
Jaco Island in Timor Leste:
* Few international visitors due to inaccessible location and lack of tourism facilities
* Houses the only national park in the country with attractive beaches.
Characteristics of Tourist arrivals in the Involvement stage.
- Increased tourist arrivals due to increase in advertisement and publicity.
- Tourist arrivals vary at different times of the year.
- Peak and non-peak tourist seasons develop
Characteristics of Economic Contribution by tourists in the Involvement stage
Tourist’s contribution to the economy begin to grow.
Features of a destination in the Involvement Stage
- The destination experiences a rise in goods, services and facilities to cater to tourists.
- Goods and services are usually provided by locals.
- Amenities and facilities are requested by locals and are usually built and maintained by local authorities.
Example of a tourist destination in the Involvement stage
Kuang Si Waterfalls in Laos:
* Authorities invested money to improve facilities at the waterfall.
* Increase in number of travel agencies and transport providers to enhance accessibility from the town area to the waterfall.
* Increase in tourists visiting the waterfall.
Characteristics of Tourist arrivals in the development stage.
Tourist arrivals increase rapidly
Characteristics of economic contribution of tourists in the development stage.
Tourism sector employs a significant number of workers, contributing significantly to the local economy.
* Labour from other parts of the country and other countries will be attracted to work in the booming tourism sector of the destination.
Features of a destination in the development stage.
- The number of attractions and facilities built increase rapidly. Large businesses build more elaborate facilities and man-made facilities.
- Heavy advertising of the destination
- Increase in large and medium businesses in retail and leisure.
- Destination becomes recognised as a tourist destination
Example of destination in Development Stage.
Phu Quoc island in Vietnam:
* Received investments to build an international airport and seaport.
* Attracted major businesses within the tourism industry.
* In 2019, it had a rapid increase in tourist arrivals to 5.1 million.
* Tourism sector employs a significant proportion of the local population.
Characteristics of tourist arrivals in the consolidation stage
- Total annual tourist arrivals at the destination outnumber the local population.
- Growth in annual tourist arrivals start to slow.
Characteristics of economic contributions by tourists in the consolidation stage
- The tourism industry dominates the local economy.
- Continues to employ a significant number of workers and contributes greatly to the local economy
Features of destination in the consolidation stage
- Slowing down in the number of attractions and facilities built.
- Majority of tourist facilities and hotels are often owned by large multinational companies, supporting large numbers of tourists.
Example of destination in the Consolidation Stage
Goa in India:
* Tourism sector employs a significant proportion of the local population.
* In 2019 foreign tourists (7m) outnumber the locals (1.5m)
* Many large multinational companies such as Mariott International owns hotels such as the Westin Goa and the W Goa.
Characteristics of tourist arrivals in the stagnation stage
- Tourist arrivals have peaked and begin to decline as the destination has reached or exceeded its carrying capacity.
*Tourist arrivals exceed the maximum number of people the environment can accommodate, resulting in negative effects.
Characteristics of economic contributions by tourists in the stagnation stage.
Contributions to h economy start to stagnate.
Features of a destination in the stagnation stage.
- Destination may no longer be attractive.
- Facilities and attractions may decline as they become old and run down.
- Tourists start to feel that the location no longer has anything to offer them in term of experience and interest.
Example of tourist destination in the stagnation stage
Hawaii, USA(1990s - 2000s)
* Tourism arrivals and expenditures began to decline in the late 1990s and early 2000s
* Waikiki, a major tourism spot, had become very crowded and the facilities and attractions were getting old and run down and in need of major renovations
Characteristics of tourist arrivals in the decline stage
Tourist arrivals decline significantly if no steps are taken to revive the destination.
Characteristics of economic contributions by tourists in the decline stage
Contributions to the economy decline significantly.
Features of a tourist destinations in decline
- Local businesses are affected and may clos, negatively affecting the economy and livelihoods.
- Less money available to maintain and improve facilities.
- Facilities deteriorate further leading to fewer tourists.
- This stage may not occur for all destinations.
Example of destination in decline stage
Blackpool, UK (1990s)
* Once a popular coastal tourist destination.
* Lost its attractiveness due to competition from other European coastal locations with more competitive pricing.
* With fewer tourists, many old inns either deteriorated or had to shut down.
Characteristics of tourist arrivals in the rejuvenation stage
Destination becomes more attractive again by:
* New investments to develop attractions and facilities.
* Rebranding of the destination leading to an increase in tourist arrivals again.
Characteristics of economic contributions by tourists in the rejuvenation stage
Contributions to the economy increase again.
Features of destinations in the rejuvenation stage
Funding provided to:
* Redevelop the area (building of new facilities and attractions) making it more attractive.
* Advertise the revamped tourist destination
This stage may not occur for all destinations.
Example of tourist destination in rejuvenation.
Blackpool, UK (Present)
* Local authorities engages the private sector to invest 30m to build Blackpool Central, a world-class leisure development which aims to attract >600m visitors annually.
* Remarketed itself as a Muslim-friendly and disabled-friendly destination.
