Bust/Depression - 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What was a popular way of making money during the 1920s?
A
Playing the stock market
2
Q
What term is used to describe the events of October 24, 1929?
A
Black Thursday
3
Q
What did many Americans do in September 1929 due to falling profits?
A
Began to sell their shares
4
Q
What was the consequence of shareholders trying to sell their shares on Black Thursday?
A
Share prices began to drop
5
Q
How many shares were sold on the New York Stock Exchange on Black Thursday?
A
13 million shares
6
Q
What was the average price drop of shares on October 29, 1929?
A
40 cents
7
Q
True or False: 659 banks went bankrupt in 1929 alone.
A
True
8
Q
What major bank failed in December 1930?
A
Bank of the United States
9
Q
What were the two primary functions of American banks during this time?
A
- Savings
- Loans
10
Q
Fill in the blank: The American economy faced a crisis due to ______, where factories produced more goods than could be sold.
A
overproduction
11
Q
What tragic event occurred to George Gallies after the bank failure?
A
He hanged himself in despair
12
Q
What did many Americans do with bank loans they took out to buy shares?
A
Could not pay back their loans
13
Q
What did many investors realize about their shares when trying to sell them?
A
Shares were only worth something if someone was willing to buy them
14
Q
What was the total loss for shareholders after the panic selling?
A
58 billion dollars
15
Q
Why did foreign governments impose tariffs on US-made goods?
A
To encourage consumers to buy domestic goods
16
Q
What was the effect of the Wall Street Crash on ordinary people?
A
Many faced ruin and financial despair
17
Q
What did banks do with the savings deposited by people?
A
Loaned it to other people
18
Q
What was the impact of the collapse in share prices on those who never bought shares, like George Gallies?
A
They were affected due to bank failures
19
Q
What is the definition of the term ‘Great Depression’?
A
‘Great Depression’ refers to a time in a country’s history when factories close, banks fail, and unemployment reaches record levels.
20
Q
How did the Great Depression affect factory owners?
A
Factory owners faced underconsumption as people could afford to buy less, leading to cut production, wages, and job losses.
21
Q
What is underconsumption?
A
Underconsumption is when the production of goods exceeds the demand, resulting in unsold products.
22
Q
How did the Great Depression impact banks?
A
Many banks went bankrupt due to unpaid loans, leading to job losses for bank managers and staff.
23
Q
What was the effect of the Great Depression on factory workers?
A
Many factory workers lost their jobs, which also affected local businesses that relied on their patronage.
24
Q
How did the Great Depression affect the very rich?
A
The very rich lost some wealth but often had property and land to fall back on, leading to lifestyle changes rather than severe hardship.
25
How were farmers affected by the Great Depression?
Farmers faced declining prices due to overproduction and struggled to repay loans, leading to loss of farms and job losses for farm workers.
26
True or False: African-Americans were less likely than white Americans to be unemployed during the Great Depression.
False.
27
Fill in the blank: The term used to describe the economic downturn following the Wall Street Crash is _______.
[Great Depression]
28
What were some coping mechanisms for the very rich during the Great Depression?
They had to make changes such as sacking chauffeurs and cleaners and doing the work themselves.
29
What was a notable consequence for factory closures during the Great Depression?
Closure of factories led to reduced patronage for local businesses like restaurants and shops.
30
How did the Great Depression create a cycle of economic decline?
Factory closures led to job losses, reducing consumer spending, which further harmed businesses.
31
What was one significant emotional impact of the Great Depression on families, as described in the interpretations?
Families faced emotional distress from losing their homes and livelihoods.
32
What factors contributed to the differing experiences of people during the Great Depression?
Factors included socio-economic status, occupation, and geographic location.
33
What percentage of the labor force was unemployed by 1932 due to the Great Depression?
Nearly 25 percent
## Footnote
Approximately 13 million people lost their jobs.
34
What was the unemployment rate in Cleveland by 1931?
50 percent
## Footnote
This was indicative of the severe economic impact in industrial cities.
35
What significant drop in factory production occurred between 1929 and 1932?
45 percent
## Footnote
This drop was due to decreased consumer purchasing.
36
What were breadlines?
Queues for charity food during the Great Depression
## Footnote
Many people relied on soup kitchens for basic sustenance.
37
How many free meals was the YMCA giving away in a small district of New York in 1932?
12,000 free meals a day
## Footnote
This illustrates the scale of need during the Depression.
38
What term refers to homeless camps built from scrap materials during the Great Depression?
Hoovervilles
## Footnote
Named sarcastically after President Herbert Hoover.
39
What was the Dust Bowl?
A period of severe drought and poor farming practices that led to soil erosion
## Footnote
This environmental disaster worsened the plight of farmers.
40
By 1932, how many farmers had been evicted from their land?
One in 20 farmers
## Footnote
Economic hardship led many farmers to lose their properties.
41
What was President Hoover's belief regarding individual responsibility during the Great Depression?
Rugged individualism
## Footnote
Hoover believed people could overcome their problems through hard work.
42
What economic measure did Hoover implement in 1930 to stimulate spending?
Cut taxes by $130 million
## Footnote
This was aimed at increasing disposable income.
43
What was the purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation?
To lend money to struggling businesses and farmers
## Footnote
This was one of Hoover's steps to alleviate the economic crisis.
44
What was the outcome of the Hawley-Smoot tariff introduced by Hoover?
American exports dropped dramatically
## Footnote
This tariff led to retaliatory tariffs from other nations.
45
True or False: The Bonus Army was a group of unemployed ex-soldiers who protested for early payment of war pensions.
True
## Footnote
Their march to Washington DC in 1932 became a significant protest event.
46
Fill in the blank: Many homeless people lived in makeshift camps called _______.
Hoovervilles
## Footnote
These camps often lacked basic sanitation.
47
What did many unemployed workers, known as hobos, do during the Great Depression?
Traveled the country looking for work
## Footnote
They often moved illegally on freight trains.
48
What violent response did Hoover have to the Bonus Army's protest?
He sent the army to disperse them
## Footnote
The confrontation involved guns, tanks, and tear gas.
49
What was a major consequence of the Dust Bowl for landowners?
Many moved away, often to California and Oregon
## Footnote
They sought work on fruit farms but faced further disappointment.
50
What was the effect of the Great Depression on American food prices?
Farmers couldn't get good prices for their food
## Footnote
This contributed to widespread financial difficulties among farmers.
51
Who were the main candidates in the 1932 presidential election?
Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
52
What significant economic event was occurring during the 1932 election?
The Great Depression
53
What was Herbert Hoover's political party affiliation?
Republican Party
54
What does the term 'laissez-faire' mean in the context of Hoover's beliefs?
Leave alone; government should not interfere in daily lives
55
How did Hoover initially respond to the Great Depression?
He believed in 'rugged individualism' and did not provide immediate help
56
What was one of Hoover's major beliefs about Americans?
They could overcome problems through hard work
57
What was a key aspect of Hoover's public image during the election?
He was not a great public speaker and was seen as uncaring
58
What political party did Franklin Delano Roosevelt belong to?
Democratic Party
59
What personal challenge did FDR face in his life?
He contracted polio and used a wheelchair for the rest of his life
60
What were the '3 Rs' that FDR promised during his campaign?
* Relief
* Recovery
* Reform
61
What was FDR's plan called that aimed to help Americans during the Depression?
A New Deal for the American people
62
How did FDR communicate his campaign message to the public?
Through speeches and a campaign song 'Happy Days Are Here Again'
63
Fill in the blank: FDR's plan included providing _______ for the unemployed.
Relief
64
What did many voters see in FDR that made him an appealing candidate?
His empathy and personal experience with adversity
65
How did FDR's early life differ from Hoover's?
FDR was raised in wealth and was educated privately
66
True or False: Hoover was known for his effective public speaking skills.
False
67
What was one of the reasons Hoover lost the 1932 election?
His belief in rugged individualism made him appear uncaring
68
What did FDR do as Governor of New York that demonstrated his commitment to helping the unemployed?
Spent $20 million of tax money helping the unemployed
69
What was a notable aspect of the public's response to FDR during the election campaign?
They felt hope for the future and believed someone was on their side
70
What was a significant reason for Roosevelt's victory in the 1932 election?
Public perception of Hoover's 'do nothing' reputation during the Depression
## Footnote
Many people believed Hoover did not act quickly enough to help, instead telling them to 'keep smiling'.
71
What was Roosevelt's pledge in his New Deal speech in July 1932?
A New Deal for the American people
## Footnote
It was described as a call to action, not just a political campaign.
72
What other promise did FDR make that contributed to his popularity?
To end Prohibition
## Footnote
Ending Prohibition was a significant factor as it appealed to many voters.
73
What was the outcome of the 1932 presidential election?
FDR won 42 out of 48 states
## Footnote
This was the largest victory recorded in a US election.
74
What did Hoover do during the 'lame duck' months after the 1932 election?
Spent money and gave out loans to businesses
## Footnote
Despite his efforts, the Depression worsened during this period.
75
What innovative communication method did FDR use as president?
Radio broadcasts known as 'fireside chats'
## Footnote
This allowed him to explain his policies directly to the public.
76
Fill in the blank: FDR's campaign emphasized the '_______'.
3 Rs
## Footnote
The 3 Rs refer to Relief, Recovery, and Reform.
77
True or False: FDR's physical problems hindered his campaign efforts.
False
## Footnote
He showed that his physical challenges were no barrier to him.
78
What did Hoover mean by describing the 1932 election as 'a contest between two styles of government'?
A contrast between Republican and Democratic approaches to governance
## Footnote
This highlighted the ideological differences between the two parties.
79
What impact did FDR's optimism have on voters according to historian Cabell Philips?
It was seen as infectious and exhilarating
## Footnote
This contrasted with Hoover's more serious demeanor.
80
Describe one strategy a campaign poster for FDR might use.
Attack Hoover's handling of the Depression
## Footnote
This could include highlighting failures of the Republican Party.
81
What was the significance of the term 'lame duck' in the context of the 1932 election?
It refers to the period between the election and the inauguration of FDR
## Footnote
During this time, Hoover continued to govern despite losing the election.
82
What did many people think about Hoover's response to the Great Depression?
They viewed it as inadequate and ineffective
## Footnote
His approach emphasized individualism rather than direct government intervention.
83
What was a key factor in FDR's ability to connect with the American people?
His use of radio to communicate directly
## Footnote
This made him appear more relatable and in touch with their concerns.
84
What was a notable feature of FDR's campaign speeches?
He appeared friendly and self-assured
## Footnote
This demeanor helped him gain the trust of voters.
85
What was the New Deal?
A series of policies and programs introduced by Franklin Delano Roosevelt to address the Great Depression.
86
What did FDR promise in his inaugural speech?
'Action and action now.'
87
What was the Emergency Banking Act?
An act that closed all banks for a four-day 'bank holiday' to inspect their operations and restore public trust.
88
What was the result of the Emergency Banking Act?
Only honest, well-run banks were allowed to reopen, leading to $1 billion being deposited back into banks.
89
What was the Economy Act?
An act that cut the pay of government workers and armed forces by 15% to save nearly $1 billion.
90
What was the Beer Act?
An act that legalized the production and sale of alcohol, ending Prohibition.
91
What were the 'Alphabet Agencies'?
Organizations created by FDR to address various aspects of the Great Depression, known by their initials.
92
What powers did Congress give FDR during the first 100 days?
Extra powers to introduce laws quickly as if the country were being invaded.
93
What does 'priming the pump' refer to?
The idea that government spending creates jobs, leading to increased consumer spending and economic growth.
94
What was the purpose of the FCA (Farm Credit Administration)?
To lend money to farmers who couldn't keep up with loan payments.
95
What was the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Agency)?
An agency that paid farmers to produce less and destroy some food to raise food prices.
96
Why was the AAA criticized?
Food was being destroyed while millions in cities were going hungry.
97
What did the NRA (National Recovery Administration) encourage?
It encouraged workers and employers to establish fair working conditions, wages, and prices.
98
What assistance did the HOLC (Home Owners Loan Corporation) provide?
Loans to people struggling to pay their mortgages.
99
What was the TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority)?
An agency that provided work building dams and electric power stations in the Tennessee Valley.
100
What was the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps)?
A program that employed unemployed young men in conservation projects.
101
What was the purpose of the CWA (Civil Works Administration)?
To provide temporary work for millions in various public projects.
102
What did the FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Agency) do?
Provided $500 million to states for relief programs, including soup kitchens and clothing.
103
Fill in the blank: FDR's theory was that the government creates jobs by spending money; this process is referred to as _______.
priming the pump.
104
True or False: The NRA was a mandatory program that all businesses had to join.
False.
105
What was the main criticism of FDR's New Deal from the rich?
They disliked higher taxes and viewed some spending as wasteful, such as payments to plant trees and stock rivers with fish.
## Footnote
This discontent stemmed from the belief that the New Deal interfered too much in their financial affairs.
106
How did business people view the New Deal?
They opposed it for interfering with business operations and increasing workers' rights, such as allowing union membership and enforcing minimum wages.
## Footnote
The NRA codes were particularly controversial among business owners.
107
What was the role of the Supreme Court in relation to the New Deal?
The Supreme Court ruled that some Alphabet Agencies, like the AAA, were illegal, stating that aid to farmers was a state responsibility, not federal.
## Footnote
This led to the cessation of federal help for farmers.
108
What were the concerns of Republicans regarding the New Deal?
They believed it made the government too powerful and that it undermined individual self-reliance, comparing it to communism.
## Footnote
Many Republicans were rugged individualists who preferred minimal government intervention.
109
Who was Huey Long and what was his proposal?
Huey Long was a politician who proposed the 'Share Our Wealth' program, which aimed to confiscate fortunes over $35 million and provide every family with financial support.
## Footnote
His ideas were considered radical but gained popularity among the public.
110
What did Francis Townsend advocate for?
He advocated for retiring everyone at age 60 to create job opportunities for younger individuals.
## Footnote
This was part of a broader set of radical ideas to address economic challenges.
111
What was the focus of Charles Coughlin's National Union for Social Justice?
It aimed to provide work and fair wages for everyone, although Coughlin's anti-Semitic rhetoric led to a decline in support.
## Footnote
His controversial views on Jews and trade unions negatively impacted his political influence.
112
What was the outcome of FDR's second election in 1935?
FDR won easily against Alf Landon, receiving more votes than any other president in American history.
## Footnote
This demonstrated significant public support for the New Deal despite opposition.
113
True or False: The Supreme Court supported all of Roosevelt's New Deal policies.
False. The Supreme Court ruled several New Deal measures illegal.
## Footnote
This included rulings against the AAA and various NRA codes.
114
Fill in the blank: Many Republicans believed that government help would make Americans _______.
unable to stand on their own two feet.
115
What was the general public sentiment towards FDR after his second election?
The public sentiment was largely supportive, as evidenced by his overwhelming electoral victory.
## Footnote
FDR humorously noted that everyone seemed against the New Deal except the voters.
116
Who is the only U.S. president to be elected four times?
Franklin D. Roosevelt
## Footnote
FDR was elected in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944.
117
What three aims did FDR state the New Deal should achieve?
* Relief
* Recovery
* Reform
## Footnote
Relief for the aid, sick, unemployed, and homeless; recovery through government schemes to provide jobs; and reform to improve America for ordinary people.
118
What is a major criticism of the New Deal?
It failed to completely solve the problem of unemployment
## Footnote
Critics argue that there was always at least one in ten people unemployed in the USA throughout the 1930s.
119
What groups did the New Deal particularly help?
* Farmers
* The very poor
## Footnote
These groups were often neglected by the government before the New Deal.
120
True or False: The New Deal completely eradicated unemployment.
False
## Footnote
Unemployment remained a persistent issue throughout the 1930s.
121
What was one of the best-known Alphabet Agencies created by FDR?
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
## Footnote
The CCC created jobs for 2.5 million 18- to 25-year-olds.
122
Fill in the blank: The New Deal created jobs but did not solve the problem of _______.
unemployment
123
What does GNP stand for and why is it important?
Gross National Product; it measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country
## Footnote
Rising GNP indicates a country's economy is improving.
124
What was the highest tax rate that FDR implemented on income over $35 million?
79%
## Footnote
This tax rate applied only to John D. Rockefeller at the time.
125
According to William Louchtonburg, what was the state of unemployment by 1941?
There were still six million unemployed
## Footnote
Louchtonburg argues that the New Deal did not fully resolve the unemployment issue.
126
What does the number of days lost to strikes indicate about workers?
It reflects workers' satisfaction with their pay and conditions
## Footnote
Less time lost to strikes suggests happier workers.
127
How did the approach of war affect unemployment rates after 1942?
Unemployment dropped dramatically due to increased factory production for war
## Footnote
This indicates a significant shift in the job market driven by wartime needs.
128
What was the general opinion of the New Deal among historians and economists?
It has always divided opinion
## Footnote
Some view it as a success for job creation while others criticize its effectiveness in reducing unemployment.
129
What was the primary purpose of the New Deal?
To create jobs and help millions of Americans during the Great Depression
## Footnote
The New Deal included various programs and measures aimed at economic recovery.
130
What significant legislation did FDR introduce as part of the Second New Deal?
The Social Security Act (SSA)
## Footnote
The SSA established a national system of pensions for the elderly, widows, and disabled people.
131
Fill in the blank: The Social Security Act was America's first system of _______.
social welfare
132
How did the New Deal programs impact women?
Women benefited indirectly through Alphabet Agencies but faced discrimination
## Footnote
Many New Deal programs did not specifically target women, and wage disparities existed.
133
What was the average yearly wage for women compared to men in 1937?
Women: $525; Men: just over $1000
## Footnote
This wage gap reflected systemic discrimination in the workforce.
134
What was the purpose of the Wagner Act?
To give workers the right to join a trade union and protect them from employer retaliation
## Footnote
The Wagner Act was a response to the Supreme Court's ruling on NRA codes.
135
True or False: The New Deal successfully eliminated poverty in rural America.
False
## Footnote
Many small farmers and farm workers did not see significant benefits, and severe poverty persisted.
136
What assistance did FDR provide to indigenous Americans?
Government loans for land and business, and the Indian Reservation Act of 1934
## Footnote
This act gave indigenous Americans the right to manage their own affairs.
137
What was the outcome of FDR cutting spending on New Deal programs?
Unemployment jumped by 3 million
## Footnote
The reduction in job creation led to increased unemployment rates.
138
Fill in the blank: By January 1939, FDR acknowledged that the New Deal had come to an ______.
end
139
What were some of the challenges faced by African-Americans during the New Deal?
Continued discrimination and segregated camps
## Footnote
Many Alphabet Agencies perpetuated existing racial discrimination.
140
How many African-Americans gained jobs in the CCC?
200,000
## Footnote
Despite discrimination, some African-Americans found employment through New Deal programs.
141
What were the views on FDR's New Deal?
View 1: 'FDR was a hero'; View 2: 'The New Deal wasted taxpayers' money'; View 3: 'FDR acted like a dictator'
## Footnote
These views reflect varying opinions on the effectiveness and implications of the New Deal.
142
What was the effect of strikes in the car and steel industries during the New Deal?
Strikes were often met with violence and hostility from employers
## Footnote
The power dynamics between unions and large businesses remained tense.
143
Fill in the blank: The New Deal did not end the severe discrimination that ______ had long suffered.
African-Americans
144
What was a significant challenge for farmers during the New Deal?
Most help went to large-scale farmers, leaving small farmers struggling
## Footnote
Rural poverty remained a significant issue despite New Deal measures.
145
What is meant by the term 'popular culture'?
Common ideas, customs, and behaviors of a particular group or country.
146
Which jazz artists were popular in America during the 1930s?
* Louis Armstrong
* Duke Ellington
* Billie Holiday
147
What method of listening to music became common in the 1930s?
Vinyl records.
148
What was one of the most popular leisure activities in the 1930s?
Going to the cinema.
149
True or False: Comedies starring Charlie Chaplin and Laurel and Hardy were popular in the 1930s.
True.
150
What comic book debuted in 1938 that significantly increased the popularity of comics?
Action Comics featuring Superman.
151
Which authors wrote about poverty and social problems during the Great Depression?
* Erskine Caldwell
* John Steinbeck
* James T. Farrell
152
Fill in the blank: The Grapes of Wrath, written by John Steinbeck in 1939, tells the story of a poor farming family from _______ who travel to California.
[Oklahoma]
153
What initiative did FDR establish to support artists during the Great Depression?
Works Progress Administration (WPA).
154
What criticism did the WPA face?
It was criticized for wasting taxpayers' money.
155
What was a significant cultural impact of the WPA?
Increased awareness of American traditions, history, and culture.
156
What year was the Empire State Building completed?
1931.
157
What dance became popular in 1934?
The rumba.
158
Fill in the blank: The board game _______ was released for sale in the 1930s.
[Monopoly]
159
What were some popular crazes in the 1930s?
* Knock-knock jokes
* Rollerskating
* Chinese checkers
160
True or False: Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released in 1939.
True.
161
What is the definition of isolationism?
A policy of keeping out of the affairs of other countries.
162
Why did America follow a policy of isolationism in the 1920s and 1930s?
To concentrate on building up its economy and strong trade links.
163
What did the Neutrality Act of 1935 do?
Banned loans to countries at war.
164
What was the purpose of the 1937 law regarding arms sales?
Stopped sales of weapons to any countries involved in conflict.
165
What was FDR's 'Quarantine' speech about?
Peace-loving nations should stand up to aggressive nations.
166
Which countries was FDR referring to in his 'Quarantine' speech?
* Germany
* Italy
* Japan
167
When did America declare support for Britain and France against Germany?
As soon as war broke out in Europe in September 1939.
168
What was the Cash and Carry Plan?
A plan that allowed Britain and France to buy US weapons in November 1939.
169
What was the significance of the Cash and Carry Plan for the US economy?
Created valuable production jobs at a time when unemployment was rising.
170
What was the Lend Lease deal agreed upon in March 1941?
America would lend Britain up to $7 billion worth of weapons.
171
True or False: America officially entered the Second World War before the attack on Pearl Harbor.
False.
172
What was the main reason for FDR's vow not to sell oil or steel to Japan?
To protest against Japan's aggression in the 1930s.
173
What was Japan's strategic plan regarding the attack on Pearl Harbor?
To destroy US ships before America could respond.
174
How many US warships were sunk or damaged during the Pearl Harbor attack?
21 warships.
175
Fill in the blank: The attack on Pearl Harbor occurred on _______.
December 7, 1941.
176
What was the immediate consequence of the Pearl Harbor attack for America?
America declared war on Japan the next day.
177
Which countries declared war on America three days after the Pearl Harbor attack?
* Germany
* Italy
178
What could have made the attack on Pearl Harbor worse for Americans?
If part of their navy, including aircraft carriers, had been at Pearl Harbor.
179
What was the economic impact of the Second World War on employment in the US?
Unemployment dropped significantly as jobs were created in war production.
180
What was the America First Committee?
An organization that held anti-war demonstrations fearing US involvement in Europe.
181
What was the message of the America First Committee poster titled 'War's First Casualty'?
To express opposition to American involvement in foreign wars.
182
What did the Mothers' Crusade advocate against?
American involvement in World War II.
183
What organization was created in January 1942 to convert industries to war production?
War Production Board (WPB)
## Footnote
The WPB ensured that factories had the materials needed to produce war goods efficiently.
184
How many planes did US factories produce in 1943 and 1944?
86,000 in 1943 and 96,000 in 1944
## Footnote
This production exceeded the combined output of Germany and Japan.
185
What impact did WWII have on unemployment in the United States?
Unemployment dropped to 670,000 by 1942
## Footnote
This was a significant decrease from the 9.5 million unemployed in 1939.
186
What were traditional jobs for women before WWII?
Nursing or teaching
## Footnote
The war opened up more varied job opportunities in industries.
187
How many women were employed in shipbuilding in 1942 compared to 1939?
200,000 in 1942 compared to 36 in 1939
## Footnote
This represents a dramatic increase in women's participation in the workforce.
188
Fill in the blank: 'Rosie the _______' was an iconic image encouraging women to work in factories during WWII.
Riveter
189
What was the Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) established to address?
Discrimination against African-American workers
## Footnote
The FEPC was created in response to a planned march to protest poor treatment of black workers.
190
How many African-Americans fought in WWII despite discrimination?
Around one million
## Footnote
They faced significant barriers in the military, including segregation.
191
True or False: African-American women were allowed to treat all soldiers during WWII.
False
## Footnote
They were only allowed to treat black soldiers.
192
What role did the government take during WWII regarding economic issues?
Took strict control over economic production
## Footnote
This led to a belief that the government could help solve major issues.
193
How did the outbreak of WWII affect women's employment numbers?
Increased from 12 million to nearly 19 million
## Footnote
Women filled roles in factories, railways, and shipyards.
194
What was a significant political legacy of WWII in the US?
Increased belief in government intervention
## Footnote
Many Americans became more accepting of government control to address big issues.
195
What were the conditions for African-American soldiers at the beginning of the war?
Could only work in kitchens or were not allowed to train as officers
## Footnote
This changed as the military needed more personnel.
196
Fill in the blank: The government feared the march to Washington DC would attract around _______ angry protesters.
100,000
