BUSINESS VLUATIONS MMS (28 QUESTIONS) Flashcards
What standard of valuation is used by the IRS?
Fair Market Value is used by the IRS and in MOST types of litigation.
What are the commonly accepted standards of value?
- Fair market value
- Fair value
- Investment value
- Intrinsic value
- Divorce value
Define fair market value.
Fair market value is typically defined as ―the price, expressed in terms of cash equivalence, at which property would change hands between a hypothetical willing and able buyer and a hypothetical willing and able seller, acting at arm‘s length in an open and un restricted market where neither is under compulsion to buy or sell and when both have reasonable knowledge of the relevant facts
Define fair value.
Fair value has often been used in dissenting minority interest shareholder suits, which has been either statutorily or judicially defined.
Define investment value.
Investment value is typically the value to a specific buyer requiring consideration of buyer specific attributes of the buyer, such as the buyer‘s cost of capital as opposed to the market cost of capital. This value to a specific buyer is opposite to that of the hypothetical buyer assumed in the fair market standard of value.
Define intrinsic value.
Intrinsic value is also referred to as ―holder value‖ and is sometimes also referred to as investment value to the owner of the business. The intrinsic value typically recognizes the
fact that the business owner going through a divorce will not be selling the business, and there is no hypothetical transaction as there is in the fair market value appraisal, and the owner will continue to receive the value of the business into the future
What is divorce value?
It varies from state to state.
What is the problem with looking to state statutes to define “value” for a business state by state?
Most states reference “value” without any guidance as to the characteristic of the standard of value.
How does Florida treat fair market value?
In Florida, fair market value is employed as an APPROACH for valuing professional good will NOT AS A STANDARD OF VALUE
Do PA statutes define which standard of value it should use in divorces?
Pennsylvania does not indicate the ―standard of value‖ to be employed
Do NY statutes define value?
NO
Since PA’s divorce code doesn’t define the standard of value to use, how is it defined by case law?
Pennsylvania cases interpret the governing statutes to require ―net realizable value.
What appears to be the principle of valuation or the standard of value, in PA?
Realizable value
What is “realizable value” as defined by PA case law?
The valuation task in Pennsylvania is to analyze the factors specific to the subject business or practice interest, including ownership agreements, and determine what value would be realizable in a transaction of the subject interest.
How have NC courts defined value?
In North Carolina, the courts have defined the statutorily mandated ―net value‖ as being ―market value, if any, less the amount of any encumbrance serving to offset or reduce market value
What have NC appellate courts routinely stated as it relates to the division of marital property in divorces?
North Carolina appellate courts have routinely stated that when making an equitable distribution of marital and divisible property, the court must ―determine the net value of the marital property . . . with net value being market value, if any, less the amount of any encumbrances.
What is the criticism with using a fair market value standard to value professional practices or closely held businesses?
Some would argue that a fair market value standard ignores the contribution of the non-professional spouse in the development of the practice or business and creates a windfall for the professional spouse.
Others would argue that utilizing a different standard, i.e., an ―intrinsic value or as it is called in some jurisdictions ―holder‘s value, is highly speculative, results in excessive values, and forces the professional spouse to pay for gain that he or she may never realize.
The question also arises as to whether the fair market value standard can or should be applied in the face of a partnership agreement or shareholders agreement.
What is the one most widely used standard of value?
Fair market standard of value is the most widely used but is has been applied inconsistently by courts in various jurisdictions in the value of goodwill of professional practices and businesses in divorce cases.
What is the objective of the fair market value according to some experts?
The objective of the fair market value standard is to determine a likely value for a business or interest in a business at which it might be sold. This is why there is such wide criticism with fair market value.
Because in the case of a non-marketable interest in a business, the value is purely hypothetical. It cannot be proven because it is an opinion of the analyst determining the fair market value. What it clearly is NOT is a transactional value. What a business or business interest is actually sold at is not its fair market value but rather its transactional value.
Why do so many commentators take issue with the fair market value standard?
Much of the criticism arises from the application of a fair market value standard to goodwill relates to whether or not the asset can be sold. If it cannot be sold then the value is purely hypothetical.
Is professional goodwill a marital asset in every jurisdiction?
No - whether professional goodwill is even considered a marital asset to be divided depends on the jurisdiction.
What are the three basic views regarding professional goodwill?
- professional goodwill is NEVER a divisible marital asset (UTAH)
- professional goodwill is marital an to be valued regardless of whether it is practice or personal (NJ & NC)
- differentiation between practice and entity goodwill and personal good will (Texas, Maryland, FLORIDA, Wisconsin, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Mississippi, Indiana).
What is the basic premise of personal goodwill?
The basic idea underlying personal goodwill is that an entity has higher profits and therefore higher value as a result of an individual employee‘s unique abilities and characteristics
What is the basic premise of entity goodwill?
Entity goodwill is that goodwill which attaches to the practice and is not associated with the individual employee‘s unique abilities and characteristics