business theme 4 Flashcards
what are the 3 measurements of HDI
life expectancy
mean years of schooling
gross national income
what is foreign direct investment (HDI)
direct investment into a country leading to a business becoming a multi national corporation.
What are reasons for FDI
investment in expanding industries and fast growing profitable businesses
access to local resources e.g copper
access to local knowledge and skills
methods of FDI
setting up a production facility
a joint venture with a local firm
buying assets in a foreign country e.g land, building or a factory
causes and features of globalisation
developments in transport and communication
migration
supply chain intergration
reduction in the level of trade barriers
transnational companies/FDI
politics
labour force increases size
economic interdependency between countries
methods of protectionism / trade barriers
tarrifs (tax on imports)
soft loans: loans offered to exporting businesses to help them compete in foreign markets
subsidies - gov grants to support businesses(lowers production cost to make them more competitive) encourages them to lower their coses, prices or make a product
quotas - limits set on imports/goods sold
state procuremnet: favouring domestic businesses as suppliers over foreign competitors
risks of protectionism
forces businesses to use expensive domestic suppliers which decreases competitiveness
encourages businesses to move abroad into the protected country to avoid trading barriers
what are trading blocks and examples
agreements between nations to allow free trade and collaboration
e.g NAFTA and ASEAN
What are the 3 indicators of growth
Gross domestic product
Literacy rate
HDI
What is protectionism?
Protecting domestic businesses against foreign competition and limiting imports into the country
What are the benefits of free trade?
Provides growth opportunities for both markets
People can access goods and services from other countries for cheaper
Businesses can access raw materials for cheaper than before
What are the benefits of trading blocks?
Easier to source labour if free movement is permitted
Businesses can benefit from comparative advantage as products are cheaper and better quality
Provides opportunities to expand into new markets
What are the drawbacks of trading blocks?
Small businesses are vulnerable to large international competitors
Tensions with regions outside of the trading blocks
conditions that prompt trade: push factors
market saturation - look for markets w high growth potential
competition - domestic competition can make competing at home unprofitable
shareholder pressure to get their dividens quickly
Conditions that prompt trade: pull factors
acquiring brands and intellectual property - easier to buy foreign businesses intangible assets than develop them
economies of scale - risk bearing economies of scale by operating in different int. markets
cost savings - in developing countries e.g labour and tax
what is off -shoring ?
moving manufacturing to a part of the world with lower production costs
what is outsourcing?
moving a business function to a specialist external provider in another country
what are 3 benefits of offshoring?
lower wages
access to a skilled workforce
access to raw materials
what are the drawbacks of offshoring?
damage to business reputation in home country e.g primark
as economics develop production costs also rise
cultural and language barriers
what are 3 benefits of outsourcing?
allows the business to upgrade
takes advantage of a countrys comparative advantage
access to specialist facilities and knowledge without having to directly invest
what are 3 drawbacks of outsourcing?
reliance on third parties - limited control
cultural and language barriers
businesses are less flexible if tied into a contract with a specialist provider
what is comparative advantage?
a company’s ability to specialise in producing goods that they can produce more efficiently or at a lower opportunity cost than other countries
explain how growth affects the product life cycle
moving into international markets can extend the life cycle for products that have reached the maturity phase
this might involve:
a) exporting the product to the new country
b) using innovation to ensure product meets the cultural needs and standards
why might businesses want to assess a potential market before investing in FDI?
to reduce the risk and ensure its easy to do business in that country because usually trading abroad can result in high costs and complications that they want to avoid.