business theme 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 measurements of HDI

A

life expectancy

mean years of schooling

gross national income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is foreign direct investment (HDI)

A

direct investment into a country leading to a business becoming a multi national corporation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are reasons for FDI

A

investment in expanding industries and fast growing profitable businesses

access to local resources e.g copper

access to local knowledge and skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

methods of FDI

A

setting up a production facility

a joint venture with a local firm

buying assets in a foreign country e.g land, building or a factory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

causes and features of globalisation

A

developments in transport and communication

migration

supply chain intergration

reduction in the level of trade barriers

transnational companies/FDI

politics

labour force increases size

economic interdependency between countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

methods of protectionism / trade barriers

A

tarrifs (tax on imports)

soft loans: loans offered to exporting businesses to help them compete in foreign markets

subsidies - gov grants to support businesses(lowers production cost to make them more competitive) encourages them to lower their coses, prices or make a product

quotas - limits set on imports/goods sold

state procuremnet: favouring domestic businesses as suppliers over foreign competitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

risks of protectionism

A

forces businesses to use expensive domestic suppliers which decreases competitiveness

encourages businesses to move abroad into the protected country to avoid trading barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are trading blocks and examples

A

agreements between nations to allow free trade and collaboration

e.g NAFTA and ASEAN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 indicators of growth

A

Gross domestic product
Literacy rate
HDI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is protectionism?

A

Protecting domestic businesses against foreign competition and limiting imports into the country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the benefits of free trade?

A

Provides growth opportunities for both markets

People can access goods and services from other countries for cheaper

Businesses can access raw materials for cheaper than before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the benefits of trading blocks?

A

Easier to source labour if free movement is permitted

Businesses can benefit from comparative advantage as products are cheaper and better quality

Provides opportunities to expand into new markets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the drawbacks of trading blocks?

A

Small businesses are vulnerable to large international competitors

Tensions with regions outside of the trading blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

conditions that prompt trade: push factors

A

market saturation - look for markets w high growth potential

competition - domestic competition can make competing at home unprofitable

shareholder pressure to get their dividens quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Conditions that prompt trade: pull factors

A

acquiring brands and intellectual property - easier to buy foreign businesses intangible assets than develop them

economies of scale - risk bearing economies of scale by operating in different int. markets

cost savings - in developing countries e.g labour and tax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is off -shoring ?

A

moving manufacturing to a part of the world with lower production costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is outsourcing?

A

moving a business function to a specialist external provider in another country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are 3 benefits of offshoring?

A

lower wages

access to a skilled workforce

access to raw materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the drawbacks of offshoring?

A

damage to business reputation in home country e.g primark

as economics develop production costs also rise

cultural and language barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are 3 benefits of outsourcing?

A

allows the business to upgrade

takes advantage of a countrys comparative advantage

access to specialist facilities and knowledge without having to directly invest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are 3 drawbacks of outsourcing?

A

reliance on third parties - limited control

cultural and language barriers

businesses are less flexible if tied into a contract with a specialist provider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is comparative advantage?

A

a company’s ability to specialise in producing goods that they can produce more efficiently or at a lower opportunity cost than other countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

explain how growth affects the product life cycle

A

moving into international markets can extend the life cycle for products that have reached the maturity phase

this might involve:
a) exporting the product to the new country

b) using innovation to ensure product meets the cultural needs and standards

24
Q

why might businesses want to assess a potential market before investing in FDI?

A

to reduce the risk and ensure its easy to do business in that country because usually trading abroad can result in high costs and complications that they want to avoid.

25
5 points in the country trading market checklist?
1. growth in disposable incomes - will there be demand from customers? 2. ease of of doing business- time and cost of setting it up and running it + trade barriers 3. political stability 4. stable exchange rate 5. corporation tax rate
26
factors contributing to a countrys infrastructure?
ports rail roads quality of hospital airports broadband quality of schools and universities
27
assessment of a country as a production location checklist
costs of production (including labour) skills and availability of labour location in a trading bloc government incentives developed infrastructure natural resources
28
what is a merger?
two companies join together to create one organisation (usually one company survives and the other dissapears)
29
what is a joint venture?
two separate businesses collaborating to achieve a shared goal e.g creating a 3rd business
30
barriers to entry when trying to access an international market?
low brand awareness cultural/ language differences knowledge of the market additional costs incurred through exporting
31
reasons for global mergers and joint ventures ?
spreading risk global competitiveness entering new markets aquiring national and international brands access to intellectual property
32
what is intellectual property?
intangible property that is the result of creativity such as patents and brands
33
the significance of exchange rate fluctuations on a company depends on what 3 things?
elasticity of demand - some products are less responsive to a change in price the relative economic growth in international markets the use of fixed contracts (pre agreed exchange rate) mitigates the impact of fluctuations
34
what is the polycentric approach
differentiating a brand and product to ensure it fits a specific niche in an international market
35
one positive and one drawback of the polycentic (international) approach
p: products are better targeted to meet the needs of specific countries and cultures d: this method is expensive and it may be difficult to launch new versions to compete with established local brands
36
what is the ethnocentric (domestic) approach
little or no attempt to adapt to the international market
37
advantages and disadvantages of ethnocentric (domestic) approach
adv: standardisation and economies of scale neg: may not take into account cultural differences across nations
38
what is the geocentric (mixed) approach
slight adaptations and tweaks to suit each international market also referred to as a glocal approach
39
pros and cons of geocentric approach
products may be tailored to the local market with lower development costs
40
what are features of a global niche market
a clear understanding of the needs and wants of customers an emphasis on quality expertise in the product area
41
what is a global niche market
businesses that operate in global markets but target niches instead of mass global markets
42
factors contributing to international desirability
the internet and ecommerce social media ease of travel music film and tv
43
cultural and social factors in successful marketing
cultural differences unintended meanings/ bad branding language differences different tastes
44
how does MNCs create jobs
opportunities for development of skills and growth in pop as people relocate to work there a new factory can create hundreds of jobs
45
how does a MNC influence wages and working conditions
high demand for labour in a local area is likely to create more competition for skilled workers if unemployment is low(employment is high ) if supply doesn't increase to meet this demand wages will rise
46
how do MNCs affect the community and environment
they can cause conjestion and pollution in the local area to counteract this the MNC might build parks or improve transport links and invest in facilities like schools, rail links and other infrastructure
47
48
how does MNCs affect social enterprise
large MNCs may set up charities and social enterprises to support the local community. may do this to fulfil their social responsibility or develop a positive image
49
what is foreign direct investment (FDi) and why is it a good thing?
when an overseas business locates a facility is a foreign country and invests a huge amount of capital into that country. the investment could lead to spending in the economy which creates jobs and lowers unemployment
50
what may FDI lead to
reduction in national debt increased employment increased incomes increased tax revenue
51
what factors are influencing the actions of MNCs
political influences social media pressure groups taxation policies legal controls
52
name 4 international stakeholder conflicts
shareholder customers governments and NGO's communities
53
what are global ethics that businesses must consider?
environmental considerations pay and working conditions marketing considerations supply chain considerations
54
The Impact of a Currency Depreciation on Global Competitiveness
If businesses export goods/services abroad, they become more competitive because their products are cheaper to purchase In the domestic market, there may be less competition from foreign firms as imports are now more expensive for domestic consumers to purchase If a business imports raw materials or components from abroad, they are now more expensive This leads to an increase in the costs for a business, which could then be passed onto consumers in the form of higher prices
55
what are the limitations of FDI
Economic dependence: host country can become too dependent on foreign investors, making its economy vulnerable if host country leaves labour exploitation of low wages and weaker labour laws exploitation of resources :overuse natural resources without concern for sustainability, leading to environmental damage. loss of domestic businesses: Local businesses may struggle to compete with well-funded foreign companies, leading to bankruptcies and job losses profit repatriation: profits made by foreign companies are often sent back to their home country instead of being reinvested locally, limiting the economic benefit for the host nation.