Business Research Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose Clearly Defined

A

statement of the decision problem should include its scope, limitations, and the precise meanings of all concepts, and variables significant to the research.

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2
Q

Research design thoroughly planned and executed

A
  • should be clearly described and justified.
  • procedures should be detailed and carefully followed to yield results that are as objective as possible
  • researchers must avoid personal bias in selecting research and sampling designs and collecting and recording data. .
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3
Q

High ethical standards applied

A
  • a research design must include safeguards against causing mental or physical harm, exploitation, invasion of privacy, and/ or loss of dignity to participants.
  • procedures for ensuring data integrity are critical.
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4
Q

Adequate analysis for decision maker’s needs

A
  • should use appropriate techniques
  • insights should be limited to those for which the data provide an adequate basis.
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5
Q

Limitations frankly revealed

A
  • the researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in research design or design execution and estimate their effect on the findings.
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6
Q

. Findings reported unambiguously; insights and conclusions justified

A

research reports should reveal candidly the sources of data and the means by which data were obtained.
- presentation of insights and conclusions should be comprehensive , easily understood by the audience , and organized so that the relevant decision maker can readily locate critical information.

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7
Q

The management dilemma can also be triggered by an early sign of an opportunity or growing evidence that a fad may be gaining staying power, such as:

A

> The discovery of an expensive chemical compound that would increase the efficacy of a drug
The shift in job hunting to digital job boards
The rise in penetration of smartphone usage
Increasing numbers of firms mining data to develop digital dashboards.

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8
Q

Value and Budget the Research

A
  • if research has value, then the manager obtains the resources budgeted for the project.
  • if the process is fair, the manager with the best justification will earn the budget he /she needs.
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9
Q

Research design

A
  • is the blue print for collecting data that fulfills objectives and answers questions.
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10
Q

Data

A
  • are collective units of information( production defects, purchases or returns, a person’s attitudes, behaviors, motivations, attributes, photos, recorded comments, etc. ) from a subject or case ( people , events, machines, personnel records , etc. ) measured by a data collector ( person or a sensing device or machine, digital or mechanical) following consistent procedures
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11
Q

2 Classifications of Data

A

Primary data
Secondary data

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12
Q

Primary data

A
  • are recorded directly,; they are raw or unprocessed.
    • Focus of most business research studies.
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13
Q

Secondary data

A
  • contain at least one level of interpretation.
    • often used during exploration and are helpful in the interpretation of new primary data on similar subjects.
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14
Q

4 Types of data based on the type of measurement scale used to collect:

A

Nominal Data
Ordinal data
Ratio Data
Interval data

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15
Q

Nominal Data

A
  • provide classification but no order, equal distance, or natural origin.
  • In the classification, o group is more than or less than another
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16
Q

Ordinal data

A
  • provide classification and order but no equal distance or natural origin.
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17
Q

Ratio Data

A
  • offer classification, order, equal distance, and natural origin.
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18
Q

One writer suggests data also may be characterized by their:

A

by their abstractness, verifiability, elusiveness, and truthfulness ( closeness to the phenomenon).

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19
Q

Abstractness

A
  • if what we measure is objective ( someone’s height) it is on one extreme of the abstractness continuum.
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20
Q

. Verifiability

A
  • data are processed by our senses.
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21
Q

Elusivenness

A
  • occur at a speed that may make measurement during occurence difficult.In these instances, we rely on video or audio recording of events or people’s memories.
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22
Q

Truthfulness

A
  • is the data collected accurately reflects the phenomena being measured, they are considered truthful.
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23
Q

Data Collection Design

A
  • selecting a data collection design is complicated by the availability of a large variety of methods, techniques, procedures, and protocols.
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24
Q

Sampling Design

A
  • this subprocess answers the question: From whom or what ( target population) does the data need to be collected how and from how many (cases).
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25
The steps in this subprocess include:
1. Define the target population 2. Define a case 3. Define the number of cases needed 4. Define the procedure for how each case will be recruited or selected.
26
Target Population
- first step in planning the sampling design. - people, events or records that possess the desired information to answer the research question. - each unit in that target population is a case. Each case possess the information on one or more variable that need to be measured.
27
Census
- requires that the researcher examines or counts every case in the target population
28
Sample
- requires examining a portion of the cases in the target population.
29
Collect and Prepare the data 2 subprocess
Actual collection of the data Preparation of the analysis
30
Collect the data
Questionnaire Standardized tests Observation checklists Event notes Video or audio recordings Photographs Personal diaries Instrument calibration logs
31
if research has value, then the manager obtains the resources budgeted for the project. T or F
True
32
- if the process is fair, the manager with the best justification will earn the budget he /she needs.
True
33
if research has value, the manager with the best justification will earn the budget he /she needs.
False
34
- if the process is fair, then the manager obtains the resources budgeted for the project.
False
35
- managers draw on data from existing internal data sources.
Decision support system
36
In an attempt to increase our order, mines its data to provide with a list of products that others - who bought what we are ordering, such data is used due to the extensive size of many of these databases.
Big Data
37
- combining data from separate data files (e.g., financial, human resources (HR), CRM, inventory management, and manufacturing ) into a new composite data file, and then querying that composite data file to help make decisions.
Data Blending
38
- is designed to provide ongoing information about events and trends in the technological, economic, political - legal, demographic, cultural/ social, and competitive arenas.
Business intelligence system
39
- is defined as a systematic inquiry that provides information to guide a specified managerial decision.
Business Research
40
- it is a set of processes that include planning, acquiring , analyzing , and reporting relevant data, information, and insights to decision makers in ways that mobilize the organization to take appropriate actions. These actions are designed to maximize performance and help accomplish organizational goals.
Business Research
41
- the foundation of the business research process .
Scientific Method
42
The essential tenets of the scientific method are:
Clearly defined concepts, constructs, variables, methods, and procedures Empirically testable hypotheses: a way exists to gather evidience that directly supports/ refutes any hypothesis. Direct observation of phenomena ( facts). Conclusions drawn from statistical evidence rather than inferred justification ( educated guesses). The self - correcting process: ability to replicate and reassess validity of conclusions.
43
are used to understand and communicate information.
Concepts
44
- generally accepted collection of meanings or characteristics associated with certain events, objects, conditions, situations, or behaviors.
Concepts
45
is an objective concept
Table
46
is an abstract concept as it is much more difficult to visualize.
Personality
47
make up the bulk of communication in research. Ordinary, however, does not mean unambiguous.
Ordinary concepts
48
may seem to be a simple, unambiguous concept, but we will receive varying answers and confusing data unless we restrict or narrow the concept by specifying:
Income
49
- which translates as form or shape and means an organized whole more than sum of its parts.
Gestalt ( German)
50
- physics concept of gravitation to explain why people shop where they do or the geographic concept of distance to describe degree of variability between the attitudes of employees on a new work schedule.
Gravitation
51
is an abstract idea specifically invented for a given research and/or theory - building purpose.
CONSTRUCTS
52
- simpler, more concrete concepts, especially when the idea or image we intend to convey is not subject to direct observation.
CONSTRUCTS
53
- depicts the relationships among the knowledge and skill requirements necessary to clarify the job redesign effort
Conceptual Scheme
54
- is a definition stated in terms of specific criteria for measurement or testing. - may vary depending on your purpose and the way you choose to measure them.
Operational Definitions
55
- is a measurable symbol of an event, act, characteristics , trait, or attribute. - one or more variables are used as a substitute fro a concept or construct.
Variable
56
what are four variables:
independent dependent moderating extraneous(including control, confounding, and intervening).
57
- is of primary interest to the researcher; it is measured, predicted, or otherwise monitored and is expected to be affected by manipulation of an
Dependent variable (DV)
58
-another variable of primary interest.
Independent variable (IV)
59
Independent Variables synonym
predictor presumed cause stimulus predicted from antecedent manipulated
60
Dependent variables synonym
criterion presumed effect response predicted to consequences measure outcome
61
- is a second independent variable believed to have a significant contributory effect on the original IV- DV relationship.
MODERATING VARIABLES (MV)
62
- exist that might conceivably affect a given relationship.
Extraneous variables (EVs)
63
- are extraneous variables that we measure to determine whether they influence our results, as we want to make sure our results are not biased by excluding them.
Control Variables (CV)
64
- is a factor that theoretically affects the DV but cannot be observed or has not been measured; its effect must be inferred from the effects of the independent and moderating variables on the observed phenomenon.
Intervening Variables (IVV)
65
- is an unsubstantiated assumption about the relationship between concepts and constructs; it drives the research.
Hypothesis
66
- is comprised of data - tested, supported hypotheses; it is derived from research
Theory
67
is a visualization of a theory, it is used for clarification and to enhance understanding.
Model
68
can be phrased as a declarative statement ( descriptive) or a question about the relationship between two or more concepts or constructs that may be judged as true or false.
hypothesis
69
- states the existence, size, form, or distribution of some concept/ construct.
Descriptive hypothesis
70
- describes a relationship between two or more concepts/ contructs. Each relationship describes a correlational or causal relationship.
Relational hypothesis
71
one variable being studied is assumed to cause a specific effect on other variables studied.
Causal hypotheses
72
- the variables being studied occur together, but there is no assumption of causation.
Correlational hypotheses
73
Types of Hypothesis
Descriptive hypothesis Relational hypothesis Causal hypotheses Correlational hypotheses
74
- gathering facts consistent with the problem, proposing and eliminating rival hypotheses, measuring outcomes, developing crucial empirical tests, and deriving the conclusion - is pivotal to much of a researcher’s success.
Reasoning
75
start by drawing a conclusion from one or more particular facts or pieces of evidence.
Induction
76
- is a form of reasoning that starts with one or more true premises and the conclusion flow from the premises given. A deduction is valid if it is impossible for the conclusion to be false if the premises are true.
Deduction
77
- are used together in research reasoning.
Combining Induction and Deduction
78
Strong hypothesis?
Adequate for its purpose Testable Better than its rivals
79
- is an empirically supported description of the relationships among concepts, constructs and hypotheses that are advanced to explain or predict phenomena.
Theory
80
- is an empirically supported description of the relationships among concepts, constructs and hypotheses that are advanced to explain or predict phenomena.
Theory
81
- is a representation of a theory or system that is constructed to study some aspect of that system or the system as a whole.
Models