Business Key Terms Flashcards
Aims
A business aim is the overall target or goal of the business. Objectives are the steps a business needs to take to meet its overall aims.
Objectives
Objectives are the steps a business needs to take to meet its overall aims. A business may have several different objectives that will help it to meet its aim.
Example of Aims
An example of a business aim is ‘to make £120,000 profit’. An example of a business objective is ‘to make £10,000 profit each month for the next year’.
Business Growth
Business growth is expanding a business to generate additional profits. A business can grow in one or more areas to achieve this expansion. Some common areas of business growth include: Many companies use business growth plans when planning for future expansions.
Internal Growth / Organic Growth
Internal growth, or organic growth, occurs when a business decides to expand its own activities by launching new products and/or entering new markets. Businesses do this in order to improve their chances of increasing their customers, revenues and profits. Many new businesses start out with one product idea.
External Growth
External Growth refers to the inorganic growth strategy wherein a company uses external resources and capabilities, but not the available internal resources, to expand its business activities. This strategy results in an increase in sales and profitability through purchasing other companies or building a business relationship with them.
Backwards Vertical Growth
Backward Vertical Integration / Growth – when the business takes over a company at an earlier stage in the production process for example its supplier/source of goods and materials Forward vertical integration is when Ford buy out or merge with their customers, which in this case could be a car showroom (e.g. Arnold Clark).
Forwards Vertical Growth
Forward Vertical Integration / Growth occurs when a business takes control of another that operates at a later stage in the supply chain. e.g. a vehicle manufacturer buys a car retail business.
Diversification
Diversification of business refers to a growth strategy that ventures into a new market. Also, it involves the introduction of new products or services within the industry. (New EVERYTHING). Growing into a business that has no relation to the original.
Horizontal Growth
Horizontal growth means expanding products or services to new markets. This can be done by developing a new market or penetrating an existing market.
Business Plan
A business plan is a document created by a company that describes the company’s goals, operations, industry standing, marketing objectives, and financial projections. The information it contains can be a helpful guide in running the company.
Capital
Capital refers to the financial resources that businesses can use to fund their operations like cash, machinery, equipment and other resources. These are the assets that allow the business to produce a product or service to sell to customers.
Dividend
A Dividend is a sum of money paid regularly (typically annually) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits (or reserves).
Entrepreneur
An Entrepreneur is a person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.
Characteristics of an Entrepreneur
The four main characteristics of an Entrepreneur:
Risk Taking
Confidence
Creative
Determined
Stakeholders
A stakeholder is a person, group or organization with a vested interest, or stake, in the decision-making and activities of a business, organization or project. Stakeholders can be members of the organization they have a stake in, or they can have no official affiliation.
Examples of External Stakeholders
Customers
The Government
Suppliers
Local Communities
Creditors
Junior Shareholders
Shareholders
Examples of Internal Stakeholders
Employees
Management
Board Of Directors
The Business Owner
Clients
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Shareholders
Sole Trader
A sole trader, also known as a sole proprietorship, is a simple business structure in which one individual runs and owns the entire business. A sole trader is entitled to keep all profits after taxes have been deducted but is also liable for all losses the business incurs.
Advantages of sole trader
- Keeps all the profit
- Owner has complete
control - Quick/easy to set up
Disadvantages of sole trader
- Won’t benefit from
economies of scale - Likely to work long hours
- Lenders may be reluctant to
give them finance as it’s
risky - UNLIMITED LIABILITY
Partnership
A business owned by between two and twenty partners.
Advantages of Partnership
- Partners can bring different
skills/expertise to the
business - Raise more capital
- Quick/easy to set up
Disadvantages of Partnership
- Have to share profits
- Disagreements
- UNLIMITED LIABILITY
Private Limited Company - LTD
A smaller business owned by at least two shareholders. Shares cannot be sold to the general public. Has Ltd after its name
Advantages of LTD
- LIMITED LIABILITY
- Can sell shares to raise
capital
Disadvantages of LTD
- Have to publish financial
information - Takes time to set up
- Profits have to be shared
between shareholders
Public Limited Company - PLC
A large business where shares can be sold to the general public enabling vast sums of money to be raised to develop the company. Has plc after its name
Advantages of PLC
- Able to raise finance through
share capital - Limited liability
- Considered more reliable to
lenders - More public awareness of
business
Disadvantages of PLC
- Risk of being taken over
- Financial accounts published
- More public scrutiny/attention
- Shareholders have more influence
on how business is run
Limited Liability
Where the responsibility for the debts of a business is limited to the
amount invested by a shareholder. A feature of private and public
limited companies
Unlimited Liability
Where the responsibility for all the debts of a business rests with the
owners of the business. A feature of sole traders and partnerships
Limited Liability Partnership
Part partnership, part limited company. Owners are members, not
partners. They have limited liability and have to make their finances
available to the public
Marketing
Finding the needs of consumers and demonstrating how a business fulfils those needs in a way that increases sales.
Market Share
The percentage of total sales of a product that a business has made. If a business sells 20,000 products and the total market for that product is 50,000, then the business has a market share of 40%.
Merger
Where two or more businesses agree to join together.
Takeover
Where a business takes a controlling interest in another business
Operate
A term used to explain how a business works
Profit
The difference between revenue and costs
Providing a Service
Where a business makes sure that the needs of the customers are
being met
Resources
The things a business sells needs to make it work, including finance, staff and materials
Satisficing
Making just enough profit to provide the business owner with a decent living. More common in smaller businesses
Shareholders
Are the owners of a private or public limited company
Sleeping Partner
A partner who invests in a partnership but has no part in the running of the business
Spotting an Opportunity
The ability to see the need for a particular product or service that customers need
Survival
When a business just manages to keep going
Success
For a business, can take many forms, including making profit, surviving and providing a good service to customers
Market Research
The collection of data on consumer habits to help decision-making in marketing
Primary Market Research
Data collected first-hand, often in the form of surveys. Sometimes referred to as field research
Advantages of Primary Market Research
Up to date
Tailored to needs of
business
Data that no competitors
have access to
Disadvantages of Primary Market Research
Time consuming
Expensive to carry out
Interview bias
Secondary Market Research
The collection of data using research or information provided by others, such as magazines, journals and the internet. Often called
desk research
Advantages of Secondary Market Research
Available immediately
Free or very cheap
Disadvantages of Secondary Market Research
Could be out of date
May not be accurate or reliable
Competitors have access to the same data
Questionnaire
A question sheet filled in by the consumer
Trials
Used to test whether customers will buy a product
Focus Groups
Selected small groups of customers who give their opinion on products
Census Data
Data collected by the Government every 10 years, questioning the entire population on their income, occupation etc.
Interview
A question sheet filled in by the person conducting the interview, someone questioning another person
Qualitative Market Research
Data based on opinions of those being asked
Quantitative Market Research
Data collected that is based on facts or numbers, usually easier to analyse than qualitative data
Marketing
Finding the needs of consumers and demonstrating how a business
The 4P’s
Price, Product, Promotion and Place
Promotional Pricing
Where prices are reduced to give products a boost or to sell off old
stock. Most commonly seen as sales in shops
Advertising Campaign
A series of advertisements, often using different advertising media
Advertising Media
The methods by which a business can advertise a product. Includes newspapers, TV and radio
Point of Sale Promotion
Includes price reductions, loss leaders, competitions and free samples
Price
The amount of money for which something is sold or offered for sale
Competitor Pricing
When a price is set based on prices charged by competitor businesses for a similar product
Cost-Plus Pricing
A pricing method that adds a percentage of profit to the total costs of making a product. This gives the selling price.
Penetration Pricing
When a price is set lower than the competitor businesses. Often
used by new businesses to break into a market. This should only be
seen as a short-term strategy
Price Skimming
Where a new product is more advanced than that of competitors; a price is set high as some customers are willing to pay higher prices to own the newest technology.
Product
something that is made to be sold, usually something that is produced by an industrial process or, less commonly, something that is grown or obtained through farming
Design
An important element in a number of different products, especially where style and technology work together
Innovation
The improvement on an original idea, which will often involve using
new processes. It is closely linked to design, where new ideas can be
used in a product due to changes in design
Product Life Cycle
The life of a product, usually shown as a graph divided up into four
stages: introduction; growth; maturity; and decline
Introduction
When a product or service is first on sale