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Board Exam- Misc Categories > Burns and wounds > Flashcards

Burns and wounds Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of burns

A

Thermal
Electrical
Chemical
Radiation

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2
Q

_ burn is caused by passage of electrical current through the body. Typically there is an _ and an _ wound. Complications can include cardiac _, respiratory _, _ failure, _ damage, and _.

A

ELECTRICAL

Typically there is an ENTRANCE and an EXIT WOUND

Complication can include: cardiac ARRYTHMIAS, respiratory ARREST, RENAL failure, NEUROLOGICAL damage and FRACTURES.

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3
Q

_ burn occurs when certain compounds come in contact with the body. The reaction will _ until the compound is _ and the _ of _. Give examples of common compounds?

A

CHEMICAL BURN

The reaction will CONTINUE until the compound is DILUTED at the SITE OF CONTACT

Examples: HCL, SULFURIC ACID, LYE AND GASOLINE

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4
Q

_ burn is caused by conduction or convection. Examples?

A

THERMAL BURN

Examples: steam, boiling water, fire

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5
Q

_ burn occurs most commonly with exposure to external radiation therapy. _ is altered in exposed tissues and _ injury may be irreversible. Possible complications?

A

RADIATION

DNA is altered in exposed tissue and ISCHEMIC injury may be irreversible.

Possible complications include: severe blistering, non- healing wounds, tissue fibrosis, permanent discoloration and new malignancies.

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6
Q

What are the 3 zones of injury

A

Zone of Coagualation

Zone of Stasis

Zone of Hyperemia

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7
Q

Zone of _ is the area of the burn that received the most sever injury with irreversible cell damage.

A

Zone of COAGULATION

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8
Q

The zone of _ is the are of less severe nary that possesses reversible damage and surrounds the zone of coagulation.

A

The zone of STASIS

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9
Q

The zone of Hyperemia is the area surrounding the zone of _ that presents with _, but will _ _ without _ or _ damage.

A

Is the area surrounding the zone of STASIS that presents with INFLAMMATION, but will FULLY RECOVER without INTERVENTION or PERMANENT damage

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10
Q

How are burns classified?

A

By the depth of tissue destruction

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11
Q

5 classifications of burns

A 
Superficial burn
Superficial partial-thickness burn
Deep partial-thickness burn
Full- thickness burn
Sub dermal burn
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12
Q

What classification is being described: involves the epidermis and upper portion of the dermis. May be extremely painful and exhibit blisters. Healing occurs with _ to _ _ within 5-21 days.

A

Superficial partial-thickness burn

Healing occurs with MINIMAL TO NO SCARRING within 5-21 days

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13
Q

What classification is being described: Involves complete destruction of the epidermis no the majority of the dermis. Involved area may be discolored with broken blisters and edema. Damage to nerve endings may result in? _ or _ _ may occur in the absence of _. Healing occurs in?

A

DEEP PARTIAL- THICKNESS BURN

Damage to nerve endings may result in MODERATE PAIN LEVEL

KELOID OR HYPERTROPHIC SCARRING may occur

Healing occurs in 21-35 days

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14
Q

What classification is being described: involves the complete destruction of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. May involve _ and _ and as a result often requires multiple _ _ and _ _ time.

A

SUBDERMAL BURN

May involve MUSCLE AND BONE and as a result often requires multiple SURGICAL INTERVENTIONS AND EXTENSIVE HEALING time.

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15
Q

What classification is being described: involves the outer layer epidermis. Involved area may be red with slight edema. Healing occurs _ _ or evidence of _ in - days.

A

SUPERFICIAL BURN

Healing occurs WITHOUT PEELING or evidence of SCARRING in 2-5 days.

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16
Q

What classification is being described: complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis along with partial damage to the subcutaneous fat layer. Involved area typically presents with _ formation and _ pain. Require? Are susceptible to?

A

FULL-THICKNESS BURN

Involved area typically presents with ESCHAR formation and MINIMAL pain

Requires SKIN GRAFT

Are susceptible to INFECTION

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17
Q

Healing time with full thickness burns?

A

Varies significantly with smaller areas healing in a matter of weeks with or without grafting, and larger areas requiring grafting and potentially months to heal

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18
Q

Rule of 9’s: Head and neck account for what percent? Genital region?

A

Head and neck= 9%

Genitals= 1%

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19
Q

Rule of 9’s: Anterior trunk accounts for what percentage? Posterior trunk?

A

Both are 18% each (total of 36% for entire trunk including anterior & posterior surfaces)

20
Q

Rule of 9’s: Arms account for what percent?

A

Each arm is worth 9% total (front= 4.5%; back=4.5%)

Bilateral front/back of arms=9%

Bilateral arms, front and back= 18%

21
Q

Rule of 9’s: legs make up what percentage?

A

Each leg is 18% total (9% front; 9% back)

Bilateral front/ back of legs = 18%

Bilateral legs, front and back= 36%

22
Q

How do the child (under 1 year of age) values for burns differ from the adult values? How is it adjusted each year after? At what age do adult values apply?

A

Under 1 year of age: 9% is taken from the lower extremities and added to head & neck (LE= 9% (4.5% front/ back) and neck/ head=18%)

Each year of life 1% is distributed back to the lower extremities (ex. Age 4 LE: 9% + 1%(3 years)= 12% for each LE (6% front, 6% back)

Adult values apply at age 9

23
Q

What type of topical agent used in burn care is being described: Can be used with/ without dressings, painless, can be applied directly to wound, broad-spectrum, and effective against yeast. However it does not penetrate into eschar.

A

SILVER SULFADIAZINE

24
Q

What type of topical agent for burns is being described: broad-spectrum, non-allergenic, and painless dressing application. However it has poor penetration, discolors- making assessment difficult, can cause severe electrolyte imbalance, and dressing removal is painful*.

A

Silver nitrate

25
Q

What type of topical burn agent is being described: broad-spectrum, anti fungal, and easily removed with water. However it is not effective against pseudomonas, may impair thyroid function*, and application is painful.

A

Povidone-iodine

26
Q

What topical burn agent is being described: broad-spectrum, penetrates burn eschar, and may be used with/ without occlusive dressings. However may cause metabolic acidosis, may compromise respiratory function*, may inhibit epithelialization, and application is painful.

A

Mafenide acetate

27
Q

What topical burn agent is being described: broad spectrum and may be covered or left open to air. However causes resistant strains, ototoxic, and nephrotoxic*.

A

GENTAMICIN

28
Q

What topical burn agent is being described: bacteriocidal, and broad spectrum. However may lead to overgrowth of fungus and psuedomonas, and application is painful.

A

Nitrofurazone

29
Q

_ (_) is a temporary skin graft taken from ANOTHER HUMAN, usually a cadaver, in order to cover a large burned area.

A

ALLOGRAFT (HOMOGRAFT)

30
Q

_ is a permanent skin graft taken from a donor site on the patient’s OWN BODY.

A

AUTOGRAFT

31
Q

- _ is a skin graft that contains the dermis and epidermis.

A

FULL-THICKNESS GRAFT

32
Q

_ (_) is a temporary skin graft taken from another species

A

HETEROGRAFT (XENOGRAFTS)

33
Q

A _ _ is skin graft that is altered to creat a mesh like patten in order to cover a larger surface area.

A

A MESH GRAFT

34
Q

A _ _ is a skin graft that is transferred directly from the unburned donor site to the prepared recipient site.

A

A SHEET GRAFT

35
Q

A - _ is a skin graft that contains only a superficial layer of the dermis in addition to the epidermis.

A

A SPLIT-THICKNESS GRAFT

36
Q

- is a surgical procedure to eliminate a scar contracture. An incision in the shape of a “_” allows the contracture to change configuration and lengthen the scar.

A

Z-PLASTY

An incision in the shape of a “Z”

37
Q

Gangrene is referred to as _ when there is loss of vascular supply resulting in local tissue death. _, _, and _ are most often affected.

A

Gangrene is referred to as DRY when there is . . . .

FINGERS, TOES and LIMBS are most often affected

38
Q

Dry gangrene is characterized by _ tissue that is not _, however there may be significant _ at the _ of _. Typically develops _ and in some cases results in auto amputation.

A

Is characterized by HARDENED tissue that is not PAINFUL, however there may be significant PAIN at the LINE OF DEMARCATION.

Typically develops SLOWLY . . .

39
Q

Dry gangrene occurs most commonly in blood vessel diseases, such as _ _ or _. Develops when? Infection is?

A

Occurs most commonly in blood vessels diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS or ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Develops when blood flow to an area become impaired, usually due to poor circulation.

Infection is not typically present however it can progress to wet gangrene if infection occurs.

40
Q

Dry gangrene presents as _ _ or _ non-viable tissue that eventually becomes a _ mass (mummified). The patient may complain of _ or _ skin and they may present with _.

A

Dry gangrene presents as DARK BROWN or BLACK non-viable tissue that eventually becomes a HARDENED mass.

The patient may complain of COLD OR NUMB skin and they may present with PAIN.

41
Q

Gangrene is referred to as wet if? Develops?

A

Referred to as wet if there is an associated bacterial infection in the affected tissue.

Can develop as a complication of an infected untreated wound, after severe burn, frostbite or injury. Blood supply becomes occluded by swelling resulting from bacterial infection and WBC’s are unable to fight the infection.

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of wet gangrene include: _ and _ at the site of infection, change in skin _ from _ to _ to _, blisters that _ _, _ and general _.

A

Include: SWELLING and PAIN at the site of the infection, change in skin COLOR from RED TO BROWN TO BLACK, blisters that PRODUCE PUS, and general MALAISE.

43
Q

Depending upon the severity of either wet or dry gangrene both are treated by _ intervention, _ and _ _ therapy. _ _ of the gangrene and _ _ _ are typical interventions for wet gangrene.

A

Both are treated by PHARMACOLOGICAL intervention, SURGERY, and HYPERBARIC OXYGEN therapy.

SURGICAL DEBRIDEMENT of the gangrene and IV ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT are typical interventions for wet gangrene.

44
Q

_ refers to a fungal infection that primarily affects the toenails and nail beds. It is treated by _ _ of the nail and topical _ _, fungal infections can _, may _ _ the nail.

A

ONYCHOMYCOSIS refers to . . .

It is treated by MECHANICAL DEBRIDEMENT of the nail and topical ANTI-FUNGAL MEDICATION, fungal infections can RETURN, may PERMANENTLY DAMAGE the nail

45
Q

_ _ is a chronic autoimmune disease of the skin and is the most common of the 5 types of _.

A

PLAQUE PSORIASIS is a chronic . . . And is the most common of the 5 types of PSORIASIS

46
Q

In plaque psoriasis _ _ trigger inflammation within the skin and produce and accelerated rate of _ _. The skins cells _ in _ _ _ on the surface of the skin

A

In plaque psoriasis T CELLS trigger inflammation within the skin and produce and accelerated rate of SKIN GROWTH.

The skin cells ACCUMULATE in RAISED RED PATCHES on the surface of the skin

47
Q

_ _ is commonly referred to _ and is a superficial fungal infection that causes epidermal thickening and scaly skin appearance.

A

TINEA PEDIS is commonly referred to as ATHLETE’S FOOT

Board Exam- Misc Categories (3 decks)

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