Burgundy Flashcards
1
Q
The Côte de Nuits stretches from where to where?
A
the suburbs of Dijon in the north to the hamlet of Corgoloin in the south
2
Q
Name the Village appellations for red wine from north to south
A
Marsannay, Fixin, Gevrey-Chambertin, Morey-St-Denis, Chambolle-Musigny, Vougeot, Vosne-Romanée, and Nuits-St-Georges.
3
Q
What Village appellations may produce AOP white wine?
A
only Marsannay, Fixin, Morey-St-Denis, Vougeot and Nuits-St-Georges produce AOP white wine.
4
Q
What villages do not have their own AOPs and what may they label themselves as?
A
The villages of Flagey-Echézeaux and Prémeaux do not have their own AOPs, but may label their wines as Vosne-Romanée and Nuits-St-Georges, respectively
5
Q
How many grand cru vineyards are in the Côte de Nuits?
A
24
6
Q
Of the grand cru vineyards in the Côte de Nuits which may be white?
A
Musigny
7
Q
Blanc production in Musigny Grand Cru is currently limited to which single producer?
A
Comte Georges de Vogüé
8
Q
What are the top premier crus of Gevrey-Chambertin?
A
Clos St-Jacques, Lavaux St-Jacques and Les Cazetiers
9
Q
How many ha of Pinot Noir does Gevrey-Chambertin hold?
A
approximately 370 ha of Pinot Noir—including 50 ha in neighboring Brochon
10
Q
Gevrey-Chambertin is the largest viticultural source in the Côte d’Or and home to the highest number of what?
A
Grand Cru Vineyards
11
Q
What climat was excluded from Grand Cru consideration in 1936 but usually outperforms econd-tier grand crus, such as Charmes-Chambertin and Latricières-Chambertin?
A
Clos St-Jacques
12
Q
What are the wines of Gevrey like?
A
typically masculine, brooding, and impressively structured, characterized by concentration and weight, classic examples show black fruits and deeper color than the corresponding wines of Vosne-Romanée and Chambolle-Musigny.
13
Q
What are some highly acclaimed estates based in Gevrey?
A
Armand Rousseau, Claude Dugat, and Fourrier
14
Q
What is the character of the wines of Chambolle-Musigny?
A
suffused with silky charm, emphasizing elegance over power.
15
Q
What wines of Chambolle Musigny are marked by their delicate, pleasurable character yet they retain great intensity?
A
grand crus Musigny and Bonnes Mares, and the premier cru Les Amoureuses
16
Q
Where is the majority of Bonnes Mares located?
A
Chambolle
17
Q
What are some good estates in Chambolle-Musigny?
A
Georges de Vogüé, Barthod, Georges (and Christophe) Roumier, and Perrot-Minot
18
Q
What does Morey-St-Denis boast?
A
4 grand cru vineyards, and the northern sliver of a 5th, Bonnes Mares.
19
Q
Morey-St-Denis is usually pigeonholed as what?
A
a meeting-point between the two more pronounced styles, Gevrey & Chambolle, with elements of both.
20
Q
What are Morey-St-Denis’ top producers?
A
Dujac & Ponsot
21
Q
What dominates the commune of Vougeot?
A
Clos de Vougeot, the largest grand cru in the Côte de Nuits
22
Q
Why is Completely is Clos de Vougeot a ready target for critics?
A
enclosed by a wall dating to the 14th century, its large size and sheer number of growers result in erratic quality.
23
Q
What changes significantly throughout the Clos de Vougeot vineyard?
A
Both soil and slope
24
Q
Clos de Vougeot is divided into smaller climats, such as what?
A
Grand Maupertuis, Petit Maupertuis and Musigni
25
Clos de Vougeot accounts for what percentage of the commune's planted acreage?
over 80%
26
What are the sole 4 premier cru of Vougeot?
Clos de la Perrière, Les Petits Vougeot, Les Cras, and Le Clos Blanc
27
What grand crus, vie with those of Chambolle and Gevrey for status as the Côte de Nuits' best examples of Pinot Noir?
The grand crus of Vosne-Romanée
28
What are the best wines of Vosne-Romanée like?
models of precision and aristocratic finesse, yet they maintain richness
29
How are the grand crus different than elsewhere?
generally of smaller size and production
30
What is the smallest AOP in all of France?
La Romanée
31
What is the world's most expensive Pinot Noir and nearly as tiny as La Romanée ?
Romanée Conti, monopole of the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti
32
What are the only 2 grand crus in Vosne that have multiple owners?
Richebourg and Romanée-St-Vivant, are larger in size.
33
What are some Consistently fine premier crus in Vosne-Romanee?
include Aux Malconsorts, Clos de Réas, Beaux Monts, and Cros Parantoux
34
Who is the late Henri Jayer?
a pioneering (and galvanizing) winemaker who advocated softness, richness, color, and oak
35
What wine was made famous by Henri Jayer?
Cros Parantoux
36
Who now operates Henri Jayer's estate?
his nephew Emmanuel Rouget operates the highly regarded house in Vosne
37
What are some of the noteworthy names based in Vosne-Romanée?
Romanée-Conti, Domaine Leroy, Michel Gros, Anne Gros, Jean Grivot, and Meó Camuzet
38
Describe the wines of Nuits-St-Georges
at their best, are sturdy and long-lived, yet they may be hard and angular in their youth
39
Describe the wines from the northern end of Nuits-St-Georges
(nearer Vosne-Romanée) tend to show a softer, fruitier character
40
Describe the wines from the southern end of Nuits-St-Georges
(nearer Prémeaux) are fuller and richer
41
Who are among the most notable producers in Nuits-St-Georges?
Henri Gouges, Joseph Faiveley, Jean-Jacques Confuron
42
While Nuits-St-Georges has no current grand crus, some argue for the inclusion of what?
The great premier cru vineyard Les Saint Georges
43
What was the last grand cru to be promoted?
La Grande Rue in Vosne-Romanée, as recently as 1992
44
What are the 5 Grand Cru Vineyards of Morey-Saint-Denis?
1. Bonnes Mares (part)
2. Clos de La Roche
3. Clos de Tart
4. Clos des Lambrays
5. Clos Saint-Denis
45
What are the 6 Grand Crus of Vosne-Romanée?
1. La Tâche
2. Romanée-Conti
3. La Romanée
4. La Grande Rue
5. Richebourg
6. Romanée-St-Vivant
46
Which Grand Crus of Vosne-Romanée are monopoles of DRC?
La Tâche & Romanée-Conti
47
La Romanée is a monopole of whom?
Liger-Belair
48
La Grande Rue is a monopole of whom?
François Lamarche
49
Clos de Tart is a monopole of whom?
Mommessin
50
Name the Grand Crus of Flagey-Echézeaux
Echézeaux & Grands-Echézeaux
51
Name the Grand Crus of Chambolle-Musigny
```
Bonnes Mares (most)
Musigny
```
52
Name the Grand Crus of Vougeot
Clos de Vougeot
53
How large is Bonnes Mares?
15.06 ha (13.54 lie within Chambolle-Musigny)
54
Name some major producers of Bonnes Mares
de Vogüé, Georges Roumier, Louis Jadot, Robert Groffier, de la Vougeraie
55
Bonnes Mares extends into what other region?
into Morey-St-Denis.
56
Name some major producers in Musigny
de Vogüé, Leroy, Frédéric Mugnier, Jacques Prieur
57
How is Musigny divided?
into a northern sector (Grand Musigny) and a southern sector (Les Petits Musigny).
58
Who is the sole owner of the Les Petits Musigny plot?
Vogüé and the domaine has 0.57 ha of Chardonnay planted within it.
59
Who are the 5 owners in Clos Saint-Jacques?
Armand Rousseau, Bruno Clair, Fourrier, Louis Jadot, Sylvie Esmonin
60
Why did Clos Saint-Jacques not merit Grand Cru status in Gevrey?
it did not touch the borders of Chambertin
61
What is the largest Premier Cru in Gevrey?
Lavaux-Saint-Jacques, 9.53 ha
62
Name some producers in Lavaux-Saint-Jacques
Dugat-Py, Denis Mortet, Dupont Tisserandot, Claude Dugat
63
What vineyard is Adjacent to Musigny and Clos de Vougeot, and highly regarded for quality wines?
Les Amoureuses
64
Soil of Bonnes Mares ?
light clay-flint over a subsoil of limestone and white marl
65
Size of Bonnes Mares ?
15.06 ha (1.5 ha lie within Morey-St-Denis), extends into Chambolle-Musigny.
66
Major producers of Bonnes Mares ?
de Vogüé, Georges Roumier, Louis Jadot, Robert Groffier, de la Vougeraie
67
Producers in Clos de La Roche
Ponsot, Dujac, Armand Rousseau, Hubert Lignier, Lignier-Michelot
68
What was the only vineyard in Morey decreed as tête de cuvée by Dr. Jules Lavalle in his 1855 classification?
Clos de Tart
69
Clos des Lambrays producers?
While Domaine des Lambrays owns 99% of the vineyard, it is not technically a monopole. Sectors within the vineyard include Les Larrets (the core), Meix Reutier (the southeastern corner), and Les Bouchots (the northern sector).
70
Primary Soil Type in Clos de Tart
The upper slope is dominated by marl, with clay-limestone on the lower slopes.
71
Clos Saint-Denis producers?
Dujac, Bertagna, Ponsot, Drouhin
72
What are the 9 Grand Crus of Gevrey-Chambertin?
```
Chambertin
Chambertin-Clos de Bèze
Charmes-Chambertin
Mazoyères Chambertin
Chapelle-Chambertin
Griotte-Chambertin
Latricières-Chambertin
Mazis-Chambertin
Ruchottes-Chambertin
```
73
In his 1855 Burgundy classification, Dr. Jules Lavalle listed Chambertin as what?
(including Clos de Bèze) as the sole tête de cuvée within Gevrey
74
Name some major producers in Chambertin
Armand Rousseau, Jacques Prieur, Leroy, Dujac, Bertagna, Joseph Drouhin, Ponsot, Jean Trapet, Rossignol-Trapet
75
Chambertin Clos de Bèze wines may be simply labeled as what?
"Chambertin"
76
Name some notable producers in Chambertin Clos de Bèze
Pierre Damoy, Armand Rosseau, Prieure Roch, Drouhin-Laroze, Faiveley, Bruno Clair, Louis Jadot, Dujac
77
Chapelle-Chambertin includes which tiny climat?
the 1.79 ha climat "Les Gémeaux"
78
Name some notable producers in Chapelle-Chambertin
Pierre Damoy, Ponsot, Jean Trapet, Claude Dugat, Louis Jadot
79
Name some notable producers in Charmes-Chambertin
Perrot-Minot, Armand Rousseau, Dujac, Dugat-Py, Ponsot, Hubert Lignier
80
Producers of Mazoyères-Chambertin may label their wines as what?
"Charmes-Chambertin"
81
Domaine des Chézeaux owns over half of Griotte-Chambertin, but due to métayage agreements wines from their plot appear, in certain vintages, under which three different labels?
Chézeaux, Ponsot, and René Leclerc.
82
Name some notable producers in Griotte-Chambertin
Domaine des Chézeaux, Fourrier, Joseph Drouhin
83
Latricières-Chambertin is sandwiched in between which two vineyards?
Chambertin (on the north side) and Clos de la Roche (on the south)
84
How does Latricières-Chambertin notably differ form other Grand Cru sites in Gevrey?
typically the coolest Grand Cru site in Gevrey
85
Name some notable producers in Latricières-Chambertin
Faiveley, Rossignol-Trapet, Jean Trapet, Drouhin-Laroze, Leroy
86
Name some notable producers in Mazis-Chambertin
Hospices de Beaune (Cuvée Madelaine Collignon), Dugat-Py, Faiveley, Armand Rousseau, Maume, Frédéric Esmonin, d'Auvenay
87
Soil and aspect in the upper part of Mazis-Chambertin are nearly identical to what?
Clos de Bèze
88
Name some notable producers in Mazoyères-Chambertin
de la Vougeraie, Perrot-Minot, Benjamin Leroux
89
Producers may choose to label their Mazoyères-Chambertin wines as what?
"Charmes-Chambertin" instead. Most do
90
Name some notable producers in Ruchottes-Chambertin
Armand Rousseau, Georges Mugneret, Frédéric Esmonin, Christophe Roumier (Michel Bonnefond parcel)
91
Ruchottes-Chambertin is the what of Gevrey's Grand Cru vineyards?
the steepest
92
Rousseau's 1.1 ha plot in Ruchottes-Chambertin is called what?
the "Clos des Ruchottes", and is labeled as a monopole
93
What is the largest monopole in the Côte d'Or, and the southernmost Premier Cru in the appellation?
Clos de la Maréchale (Premeaux-Prissey)
94
In addition to Premier Cru red and white bottlings, Mugnier produces what in Clos de la Maréchale?
a declassified village red wine from this site, "Clos des Fourches"
95
Where does The Cote d'Or lie?
on a fault line composed of oolitic limestone and marl
96
In general, where are better red wines produced?
the marl-dominated soil
97
In general, where are better whites produced?
the limestone-dominated soil produces better whites.
98
What provides exceptional vineyard land?
series of east-facing slopes on the broad slopes themselves
99
What area is generally more suitable for red wines than whites?
The Côte de Nuits and contains all but one red grand cru.
100
What area is generally more suitable for white wines?
the Côte de Beaune, and boasts all but one grand cru for whites.
101
What two exceptionsmay produce grand cru wines of either color?
Musigny and Corton
102
How much acreage does The Côte d'Or, including the Hautes-Côtes areas cover?
covers less than a fourth of Burgundy's total acreage.
103
To what type of grapes is more vineyard land devoted to?
More vineyard land is devoted to red grapes than white, and red wine production is nearly triple that of whites.
104
In the Côte de Beaune which wines are produced more?
produces less white than red wine
105
What do the better red wines undergo?
matured in oak barrels (the 228 liter pièce) for up to 18 months
106
What varies greatly from one producer to another?
The percentage of new oak
107
What other winemaking decisions affect the style of wine?
de-stemming, pre-fermentation cold-soaking, and whether to employ a short, hot or long and cool fermentation.
108
What are the effects of de-stemming or not?
In the past, producers didn't de-stem & proceeded with whole-cluster fermentations to add tannin and body to the wines; today some producers de-stem entirely to promote softness in the wines.
109
Cold-soaking the grapes prior to fermentation and the temperature does what?
extracts added color, and temperature of fermentation can greatly affect the character of the wine.
110
Before bottling, what will some producers do?
some producers will fine or filter the wine; others will choose to leave it in its natural state.
111
After pressing, Chardonnay usually is fermented/aged in what manner?
typically barrel-fermented and aged in oak casks for at least one year
112
As it ages, what is the wine is left in contact with and what does in undergo?
the fine lees, and undergoes malolactic fermentation.
113
When is using bâtonnage during the élevage used usually?
wines destined for longer lives do not necessarily require the immediate richness and texture that bâtonnage offers.
114
What is Pinot Noir often subject to and extremely sensitive to?
subject to frequent mutation in the vineyard, and is extremely sensitive to yield pressures and subtle changes in soil.
115
Although a wealth of clonal selections exists, many Burgundian producers choose to propagate the Pinot Noir vine through what?
sélection massale, which creates diversity in the vineyard and complexity in the final wine.
116
Gamay contributes to the reds in what areas?
Mâconnais and Beaujolais
117
In the Mâconnais, what wines is Gamay present in?
the "field blend" Bourgogne Passetoutgrains and the sparkling red Bourgogne Mousseux wines
118
What is permitted in many appellations as a minor grape for red blends?
Pinot Beurot (Pinot Gris), but is rarely encountered.
119
Which grape may be added to reds in the Yonne département?
César, including Irancy AOP wines
120
What red grape is still occasionally encountered as a component of the red wines from the Yonne département, but may not be replanted in the future?
Tressot grape
121
Pinot blanc is permitted in many appellations, notably which AOP?
Nuits-St-Georges AOP
122
How does Chardonnay differ from Pinot Noir?
A more resilient grape than Pinot Noir, Chardonnay is easier to grow but just as difficult to mold into a great wine
123
What AOP raises wines from the Aligoté grape?
Bouzeron AOP in the Côte Chalonnaise
124
Grand cru wines apply only to where?
the Côte d'Or and Chablis
125
What is the basic designation for red, white, and rosé wines?
Bourgogne AOP
126
What is Burgundy's méthode traditionnelle sparkling appellation?
Crémant de Bourgogne AOP
127
What wines may be produced from anywhere in the Côte Chalonnaise region?
Bourgogne Côte Chalonnaise AOP
128
What wines are sourced from specific vineyards outside of the more prestigious village appellations of the Côte d'Or?
the Bourgogne Hautes-Côtes de Nuits AOP and Bourgogne Hautes-Côtes de Beaune AOP wines
129
What villages in the Yonne département may add their name to Bourgogne AOP?
Several, including Chitry, Vézelay and Épineuil.
130
What four lieux-dits were approved in the 1990s for Bourgogne AOP?
La Chapelle Notre Dame, Le Chapitre, Côte St-Jacques, and Montrecul. These four small appellations, while vineyard-specific, are still considered part of the regional hierarchy.
131
Bourgogne Passetoutgrains AOP incorporates what grapes?
minimum 30% Pinot Noir with a smaller proportion of Gamay
132
Bourgogne Mousseux AOP is a sparkling appellation reserved for what exclusively?
sparkling appellation reserved for reds exclusively
133
Why did authorities rechristen the little-used Bourgogne Grand Ordinaire AOP in late 2011?
rechristened as Coteaux Bourguignons AOP to revitalize the appellation.
134
What are the regulations of Coteaux Bourguignons AOP?
shares the same all-encompassing dimensions as Bourgogne AOP, but allow Gamay in red blends. Inexpensive blended white and rosé wines are also authorized.
135
In addition to the Bourgogne Hautes-Côtes sub-appellations what other AOPs does the Cote d'Or offer?
Côte de Beaune-Villages AOP and Côte de Nuits-Villages AOP
136
Côte de Beaune-Villages wines are red and may be sourced from where?
any village in the Côte de Beaune save Pommard, Volnay, Aloxe-Corton, and Beaune itself
137
Côte de Nuits-Villages wines are red or (rarely) white, and may be sourced from where?
the villages of Fixin and Brochon in the north and Prissey, Corgoloin, and Comblanchien in the south.
138
What does village wine offer?
Labeled by commune, these wines offer a more specific expression of terroir without the precision and price of a cru vineyard.
139
Village wines are restricted in color by village, which village uniquely allows red, white, and rosé wines?
Some communes produce only red wines; others make red and white wine. The village of Marsannay is unique in the Côte d'Or
140
What is one of the smallest vineyards at less than a hectare?
La Romanée
141
What vineyard is one of the largest at over 160 hectares?
Corton
142
From the 8 hectares of the Grand Cru Montrachet how many producers make wine?
over two dozen producers make an average of 3,600 total cases of wine each year.
143
What do smaller yields create?
smaller yields result in more complex and concentrated fruit, creating a wine that can benefit from a longer élevage and a higher proportion of new wood.
144
Regarding oak use, how do the domaines differ from the estate village wine?
Some domaines will utilize up to 100% new French oak for grand cru Burgundy, whereas the same estate's village wine may see 10% or less
145
What distinction should be made between Bordeaux and Burgundy premier and grand cru AOPs?
In Bordeaux, grand cru status is awarded to individual producers, whereas in Burgundy this status is conferred upon the vineyard itself, irrespective of producer
146
What are the communes of production for Vosne-Romanée?
Vosne-Romanée and Flagey-Echézeaux
147
Echézeaux producers (37.69 ha)
Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, Emmanuel Rouget, François Lamarche, Mugneret-Gibourg, Perdrix, Robert Arnoux, Jean Grivot, Anne Gros, Liger-Belair
148
When did The village of Flagey appended the name of "Echézeaux" the second largest Grand Cru in the Côte de Nuits?
1886
149
Producers of Grands-Echézeaux? (9.14 ha)
Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, Mongeard-Mugneret, d'Eugénie, Gros Frère
150
La Grande Rue producer/history (1.65 ha)
François Lamarche, monopole, Henri Lamarche, François' father, took possession of this site as a wedding gift in 1933.
151
Richebourg producers? (8.03 ha)
DRC, Leroy, Anne Gros, Gros Frères, Méo-Camuzet, Liger-Belair
152
La Romanée (0.85 ha) history
Liger-Belair, monopole, has been in the hands of the family since 1826 or 1827. However, didn't produce wine from the early 1900s through 2001, allowing others to manage the vineyard and market the wine
153
From 2002-2005 there are two producers in La Romanée...
Liger-Belair and Bouchard, with whom the domaine held a long term contract for commercialisation of the wine. From 2006 forward Liger-Belair is the sole producer.
154
Producers of Romanée-Saint-Vivant (9.44 ha)
DRC, Leroy, Robert Arnoux, Sylvain Cathiard
155
Who owned Romanée-Saint-Vivant from the French Revolution until 1898, when they began to sell off sections of the vineyard?
The Marey-Monge family, the last remaining parcel (5.29 ha) was sold to the Domaine de la Romanée-Conti in 1988, making DRC the largest single landowner in Romanée-St-Vivant.
156
La Tâche owner (6.06 ha)
Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, monopole
157
Romanée-Conti owner (1.81 ha)
Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, monopole
158
Beaujolais is techinically located where?
technically within the Rhône département—is considered a part of southern Burgundy
159
Beaujolais AOP wines may be what?
red, white, or rosé
160
If planted prior to 2005 what is allowed in Beaujolais Blanc?
Aligoté, but vintners must rely solely on Chardonnay to produce the wine in the future
161
Beaujolais Supérieur wines require what?
a higher must weight and an additional half-degree of potential alcohol
162
How many communes qualify for the superior "Beaujolais-Villages" designation?
38 communes, including the northern cru villages
163
What are the soils of Beaujolais?
While the southern sector of Beaujolais is flatter, with clay-based soils, the northern topography is marked by the granite hillsides of the craggy monts de Beaujolais
164
The Craggy monts de Beaujolas prouce what?
The resulting wines are riper, fuller-bodied and more complex. Within this northern region are the 10 crus of Beaujolais
165
What are the 10 crus of Beaujolais?
St-Amour, Juliénas, Moulin-a-Vent, Chénas, Fleurie, Chiroubles, Morgon, Régnié, Brouilly, and Côte de Brouilly
166
What are the wines in the northern crus like?
Wines from the northern crus vary enormously in style, from the light, lithe, nearly ephemeral style produced in Chiroubles to the dark and surprisingly tannic wines of Moulin-à-Vent.
167
In 2011, vignerons in the crus of Beaujolais did what?
when even Grand Cru appellations in the Côte d'Or relaxed on max yields, Beaujolais tightened their "rendement de base," and throughout Beaujolais producers overwhelmingly continue the tradition of hand-harvesting.
168
The release of Beaujolais nouveau wines was first authorized when?
1951, gained first authorized worldwide popularity by the 1970s and made a household name out of Georges Duboeuf, the region's largest producer
169
As a grape, Gamay contributes what to nouveau blends?
Gamay easily lends itself to the fruity, fresh style of nouveau: the wines are pleasant, if never complex.
170
In Beaujolais what techniques are used in the production of red wines?
carbonic maceration and its variant, semi-carbonic maceration
171
How does a winemaker induce carbonic maceration?
a winemaker will seal whole clusters or whole berries of red grapes in a tank and pump in carbon dioxide.
172
What happens in carbonic maceration with the absence of oxygen?
In the absence of oxygen, intact whole berries undergo a short intracellular fermentation, metabolizing individual stores of glucose and malic acid to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide without the aid of yeast.
173
During carbonic maceration what gives the juice color?
tannins and anthocyanins move from the skins to the flesh of each grape, giving the juice color.
174
What happens to the alcohol in the grape during carbonic maceration?
The grape can develop an alcohol level of approximately 2% before it dies and the cellular activity ceases. The grapes may then rupture due to an internal build-up of carbon dioxide, or the winemaker may simply press the juice off the skins; either way, the wine ferments to dryness with the normal activity of yeast.
175
What technique is more common in the region and how does it differ?
Semi-carbonic maceration is more common in the region: in this technique, carbon dioxide is not added to the fermentation vat but produced naturally
176
How does Semi-carbonic maceration occur?
Whole clusters at the bottom of the tank crush under the weight of those above and begin fermenting normally. As the carbon dioxide released by standard fermentation blankets the whole berries above, they begin to ferment internally.
177
What are Certain tell-tale aromas often cited as evidence of carbonic maceration?
bubblegum, banana, or "pear-drop", yet it is more likely that these aromatics result from certain yeast strains or, simply, youthfulness.
178
wines produced with some degree of carbonic maceration are often what?
fruity and highly floral, and tend to exhibit a softer tannic structure than those produced solely through the work of yeast.
179
The semi-carbonic technique is favored among producers of Beaujolais nouveau why?
it tends to suppress the dominant yeast notes in an extremely young wine, but it is also implemented by many producers in the northern crus.
180
Carbonic maceration, once considered a phenomenon of Beaujolais, has been enthusiastically adopted in what other areas?
France (the Rhône and Loire Valleys), Spain, and even California
181
Where is Coteaux du Lyonnais AOP?
an hour's drive south of Beaujolais and, a few minutes from Vienne in the Northern Rhône Valley, but its climate and wines have more in common with its northern neighbors than Côte Rôtie and Condrieu
182
What wines are produced under Coteaux du Lyonnais AOP?
Red and rosé wines are produced from Gamay; white wines contain Chardonnay, Aligoté, and Pinot Blanc.
183
In the bouchons of Lyon—the capital of the Rhône département, France's third-largest city, and a well-known gastronomic destination what are some classic pairings?
a glass of Gamay, slightly chilled, is often the perfect foil for traditional fare: andouillette sausages and salade lyonnaise
184
What is the Mâconnais the center for?
Burgundy's center for large-volume production of Chardonnay
185
What are the Macons white wines like?
typically lean, high in acidity, and vinified in stainless steel. Only the best wines may see some percentage of new oak.
186
The regional appellation Mâcon AOP covers what?
red, white and rosé wines.
187
Mâcon AOP red and roses wines are what?
Reds and rosés are Gamay-based.
188
Mâcon-Villages AOP wines are what?
white and originate from one of 41 demarcated villages.
189
In the Mâcon-Villages AOP if the wine is from a single village what may be added ?
If the wine is from a single village, the village name may be added in place of "Villages" on the label.
190
What are some of the villages allowed on the Mâcon-Villages AOP label?
Villages include Lugny, Charnay-lès-Mâcon, and Sologny.
191
Five separate village appellations exist, in the Macon, what are they?
Pouilly-Fuissé, Pouilly-Loché, Pouilly-Vinzelles, St-Véran, and Viré-Clessé.
192
What is another name for the Côte Chalonnaise?
Région de Mercurey
193
Where does the Côte Chalonnaise lie?
lies within the Saône-et-Loire département between the Côte d'Or and Mâconnais
194
How do the vineyards in the Côte Chalonnaise differ from those in the Côte d'Or?
Vineyards in the region are not contiguous as they are in the Côte d'Or, occupying a series of undulating and scattered hillsides rather than one broad slope
195
What are the Côte Chalonnaise soils like?
The limestone soils are comparable to those further north.
196
What is the Côte Chalonnaise climate like?
A slightly cooler, windier climate mandates a longer growing season, and the resulting later harvest is a drawback in cooler years
197
How do viticultural practices differ in Côte Chalonnaise than those of the Côte d'Or?
While viticultural practices are in many ways identical, new oak is a luxury many producers of the region cannot afford
198
What does the Bourgogne Côte Chalonnaise AOP include?
the rosé, white, and red wines of 44 communes,
199
What 5 main villages have their own appellations in the Côte Chalonnaise ?
the five main villages of Bouzeron, Rully, Givry, Mercurey, and Montagny
200
Of the 5 main villages in the Côte Chalonnaise which only produce whites?
Montagny and Bouzeron produce exclusively white wine
201
Which of the 5 main villages in the Côte Chalonnaise produce either white or red wine?
Rully, Givry and Mercurey may produce either white or red.
202
What is the only village level AOP in Burgundy for Aligoté?
The appellation of Bouzeron, only Aligoté allowed.
203
What AOP is the only commune appellation in the Côte Chalonnaise that does not permit premier cru bottlings?
Bouzeron AOP
204
What changed in 2004 for Montagny wines?
Prior to 2004, Montagny wines could be labeled premier cru if they exhibited a minimum 11.5% alcohol content; however, the commune's vineyards have since been divided between village and premier cru
205
What does Rully produce mostly?
Rully, a source of consistent Chardonnay, devotes more vineyards to production of Crémant de Bourgogne AOP sparkling wines than to its own still wines
206
What do Givry and Mercurey produce more of?
both Givry and Mercurey produce far more red than white wine
207
Mercurey's output alone accounts for what?
roughly two-thirds of the entire Côte Chalonnaise
208
white wines produced within the Blagny AOC are entitled to be labeled as what?
Meursault AOC
209
How many Premier Cru Vineyards are in Meursault?
19
210
Producers in Charmes, PC of Meursault?
Robert Ampeau, Comtes Lafon, Bouchard, Bitouzet-Prieur, Guy Bocard, Guy Roulot, François Mikulski , Antoine Jobard
211
What is the main producer in Blagny premier Cru?
Thierry Matrot
212
Only white wines made in Blagny may be labeled as what?
Meursault "Blagny" Premier Cru
213
Name the main producers in the premier cru vineyard of Genevrières 16.48 ha
Comtes Lafon, Guy Bocard, Jobard, Latour-Giraud, Guy Roulot, François Mikulski, Remí Jobard, Michel Bouzereau
214
Who is the famous main producer in the premier cru vineyard of Les Caillerets in Meursault? 1.0 ha
Coche-Dury
215
What vineyard only produces white wines as Meursault Premier Cru and red wines are labeled as Volnay "Santenots" Premier Cru?
Les Santenots du Milieu, In 1855, Dr. Jules Lavalle ranked this as the single "téte de cuvée" vineyard in Meursault
216
Volnay "Santenots" Premier Cru includes "Clos des Santenots", what producer makes a red Volnay PC monopole from?
Jacques Prieur
217
Name some producers in the premier cru vineyard of Perrières 12.77 ha,
Robert Ampeau, Coche-Dury, Comtes Lafon, Thierry Matrot, Michel Bouzereau, Pierre Morey
218
What is the Primary Soil Type in Puligny-montrachet?
brown limestone
219
Name some notable producers in Bâtard-Montrachet in Puligny
Ramonet, Leflaive, Paul Pernot, Blain-Gagnard
220
How large is Bâtard-Montrachet?
11.97 (approx. 6 ha in Puligny)
221
Prior to creation of Bâtard-Montrachet AOC in 1937, the vineyard was actually much larger, encompassing what else?
the other two "Bâtard" Grand Crus and other surrounding Premier Cru and village-level vineyard land.
222
Name some notable producers in Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet 3.69 ha,
Leflaive, Ramonet, Paul Pernot, Vincent Girardin, Jacques Carillon
223
Name some notable producers in Chevalier-Montrachet 7.36 ha,
Leflaive, Loius Latour, Michel Niellon, D'Auvenay, Vincent Girardin, Colin-Deléger
224
Name some notable producers in Montrachet
J. Drouhin (Marquis de Laguiche), Ramonet, Bouchard, Only 5 estates own parcels of Montrachet on the Puligny side.
225
How large is Montrachet?
8.00 ha (4.01 in Puligny)
226
Puligny-Montrachet hosts how many Premier Cru Vineyards?
17, and 4 Grand Crus (Bâtard-Montrachet and Le Montrachet shared with Chassagne)
227
Name some notable premier crus in Puligny-montrachet
Champ Canet, Champ Gain, Clavaillon, Clos de la Garenne, Le Cailleret, Les Combettes, Les Folatières, La Garenne, Les Perrières, Les Pucelles, Les Referts
228
Which premier cru vineyard in Puligny was a red wine vineyard through the 1940s, but today only one producer makes red wine from the site?
Le Cailleret, but today only Chartron produces a red wine from the site. (whites from Jean Chartron, de la Pousse d'Or, de Montille, Henri Boillot, Domaine des Lambrays)
229
What are the grand crus of Chassagne-Montrachet?
Bâtard-Montrachet 11.97 ha (5.85 ha in Chassagne)
Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet 1.75 ha
(le) Montrachet 8 ha (3.99 ha in Chassagne)
230
Name some notable producers in Bâtard-Montrachet in Chassagne
Ramonet, Leflaive, Paul Pernot, Blain-Gagnard
231
Name some notable producers in Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet
Roger Belland, Fontaine-Gagnard, Blain-Gagnard, D'Auvenay
232
Name some notable producers in (le) Montrachet
Romanée-Conti, Jacques Prieur, Comtes Lafon
233
In chassagne what is Montrachet known as? and who owns the largest parcel?
the Chassagne sector is typically known as "Le Montrachet". Baron Thenard owns the largest parcel in Chassagne; Thenard's fruit is the source of offerings from Remoissonet, Louis Latour, and others.
234
How many Premier Cru Vineyards are in Chassagne-Montrachet?
55!
235
Name some notable premier crus in Chassagne-Montrachet
Cailleret, Clos Saint-Jean, La Boudriotte, La Maltroie, Les Champs Gain, Les Chenevottes, Les Grandes Ruchottes, Les Vergers, Morgeot,
236
Over 1/3 of Chassagne-Montrachet's total 1er Cru land is classified as what?
Morgeot. It includes 15 Premier Cru vineyards within it
237
How many Premier Cru Vineyards are in Blagny?
7
238
Name some notable premier crus in Blagny
La Pièce sous le Bois (Meursault), Sous le Puits (Puligny-Montrachet)
239
Describe the Bedrock soils of Beaune
Oxfordian-Rauracian (Upper Jurassic) limestone. The bedrock is younger here than in the Côte de Nuits or further south in the Côte de Beaune.
240
Describe the Surface Soil of Beaune
Vineyards at the top of the slope have thin, eroded soils with higher proportions of limestone debris and flint. Vineyards at lower elevation have higher proportions of clay. Red-tinted soils on the mid-level and lower slopes are common, due to the presence of iron in the underlying Oxfordian limestone.
241
"Les Epenotes" the premier cru in Beaune is located where?
"Les Epenotes" is adjacent to Pommard "Les Epenots"
242
How many Premier Cru Vineyards are in Beaune?
42
243
What are the Principal Soil Types in Pommard?
clay-limestone with marl on the higher slopes
244
How many Premier Cru Vineyards are in Pommard?
28
245
What is the Primary Soil Type of Volnay?
oolitic limestone
246
How many Premier Cru Vineyards are in Volnay?
29
247
Name some producers in "Champans" the premier cru vineyard of Volnay
Marquis d'Angerville, de Montille, Comtes Lafon, Joseph Voillot, Jacques Prieur
248
Clos des Ducs is a monopole of whom VS Clos du Château des Ducs is a monopole of another?
in volnay Clos du Château des Ducs is a monopole of Michel Lafarge, Clos des Ducs is a monopole of Marquis d'Angerville
249
What is the assemblage for Aloxe Corton, Pernand-Vergelesses & Ladoix blanc wines?
Pinot Blanc may not exceed 30% of the blend.
250
What is the principal soil type of Aloxe-corton?
reddish-brown clay-limestone with flint and chaillots (limestone debris)
251
Name major producers in the Grand Cru, Corton
Domaine de la Romanée-Conti, Pousse d'Or, Dubriel-Fontaine, Edmond Cornu, de Montille, Tollot-Beaut, Chandon de Briailles (blanc and rouge)
252
Corton produces what?
Both red and white wines are produced under this AOP
253
Name major producers in the Grand Cru, Corton-Charlemagne
Louis Latour, Bonneau du Martray, Rapet, Dufouleur, Coche-Dury, Chandon de Briailles, Faiveley
254
Corton- Charlemagne produces only what?
Only white wines may be produced under this AOP.
255
Where is Ile des Vergelesses located ?
between Pernand's Les Vergelesses and Savingy's Vergelesses.
256
Name some producers in Ile des Vergelesses
Chandon de Briailles, R. Rapet, Rollin, Domaine Denis
257
Where is the Cote de Beaune located?
adjoins the southernmost edge of the Côte de Nuits and runs southward to the village of Cheilly-lès-Maranges.
258
What presides over the landscape of the northern Côte de Beaune?
the impressive hill of Corton
259
What villages each lay claim to a portion of the huge grand cru vineyard of Corton?
The villages of Aloxe-Corton, Ladoix-Serrigny, and Pernand-Vergelesses
260
Corton itself is predominantly planted with what?
Pinot Noir, and is partitioned into many officially recognized climats
261
Corton-Charlemagne AOP is reserved for what?
Only white wines are produced, a separate grand cru appellation on the hill of Corton.
262
Charlemagne AOP is reserved for what as well?
whites, but is rarely used: in 2008, 7 total hectoliters of wine were released under the appellation, approximately one quarter of the production of La Romanée.
263
What is Pernand-Vergelesses' namesake?
The highly regarded premier cru Ile de Vergelesse
264
What is Beaune known as?
the commercial capital of the region, is a center of négociant activity—Joseph Drouhin, Bouchard Père et Fils, and Louis Jadot are headquartered here
265
Beaune hosts NO grand crus, but what does it have?
a multitude of premier cru sites (42) for both red and white wines.
266
What are some great premier cru sites in beaune?
Les Marconnets, Grèves, Clos du Roi, and Clos des Mouches are among the commune's best vineyards
267
The Hospices du Beaune, annually celebrated on the third Sunday of November, auctions the holdings of what?
both the Hôtel-Dieu and the Hospice de la Charité—58 ha of vineyard in total, split into dozens of cuvées, making the combined charity one of the larger landowners in the Côte d'Or.
268
The village AOPs of Pommard and Volnay are reserved for what?
red wines, with Pommard generally showing a harder-edged, tannic structure to Volnay's softer fragrance and charm
269
After Corton, Pommard is usually what?
the most full-bodied red wine of the Côte de Beaune. These wines can be every bit as rewarding and long-lived as the wines of the Côtes de Nuits, but they are often lighter and show less oak influence
270
What are some outstanding premier cru sources in Pommard?
Les Rugiens (divided into Hauts and Bas sections) and the large Les Epenots—particularly the wines of Comte Armand's monopole Clos des Epeneaux, the central portion of the vineyard and one of the Côte de Beaune's best.
271
What are some of Volnay's better premier crus?
Taille Pieds, Les Caillerets, Clos des Chênes, and Marquis d'Angerville's monopole Clos des Ducs.
272
What is considered a premier cru of Volnay if planted with Pinot Noir?
Santenots, otherwise a Meursault premier cru if planted with Chardonnay
273
Name some esteemed producers in Volnay
d'Angerville, Hubert de Montille, and Michel Lafarge.
274
South of Volnay is a trio of what great white wine villages?
Meursault, Puligny-Montrachet, and Chassagne-Montrachet.
275
Although Meursault has no grand cru vineyards, its white wines are well regarded for what?
their rich concentration and seductive texture. Often, Meursault wines will spend longer in cask than their counterparts in Puligny or Chassagne, rounding out acidity and deepening oak character.
276
Name some of The best Meursault premier cru vineyards
Aux Perrières, Les Genevrières, and Les Charmes; top wines from these vineyards can approach grand cru quality
277
Name some of the best producers in Meursault
Coche-Dury, Guy Roulot, and Comtes Lafon are good sources in premier cru sites
278
Beyond its premier crus, Meursault has a system of lieux-dits, meaning what?
or "Deuxièmes crus"—named vineyards, such as Les Narvaux and Les Chevalières, that appear on labels but legally remain village wines.
279
A neighboring village to Meursault, Blagny, labels its white wines as what?
as Meursault-Blagny; Blagny AOP itself is reserved for red wines.
280
Puligny-Montrachet and Chassagne-Montrachet each lay claim to a portion of what?
Le Montrachet, perhaps the world's finest, most age-worthy example of Chardonnay—certainly the most expensive. While styles vary, Montrachet maintains a balance of richness and acidity and achieves more depth and body than any other white grand cru.
281
What grand cru is located entirely in Puligny?
Chevalier-Montrachet, is regarded as a close second in quality to Le Montrachet.
282
What are Puligny-Montrachet wines like in general?
more taut than Meursault counterparts; focus and streamlined structure take the place of Meursault's soft, round nature.
283
What are the better premier crus of Puligny-Montrachet?
Les Pucelles, Les Damoiselles, Clavoillon, and Champs Canet
284
What are some highly regarded producers in Puligny-Montrachet?
include Domaine Leflaive and Louis Carillon
285
Chassagne-Montrachet shares what two grand crus with Puligny?
Chassagne-Montrachet shares both Montrachet and Bâtard-Montrachet, a more variable grand cru, with Puligny.
286
What grand cru lies entirely in Chassagne?
Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet, the smallest white wine grand cru in Burgundy. The commune produced more red than white wine through the mid-1980s, but the quality of its Chardonnay—similar in style to Puligny—now greatly eclipses that of the red wines.
287
What are among the better-known premier crus of Chassagne?
Les Chenevottes, Clos de la Maltroie, En Cailleret, Champsgain and Morgeot .
288
Many critics champion which estate as the best in Chassagne?
Many critics champion the Ramonet estate as the commune's best.
289
All three villages—Chassagne, Puligny, and Meursault may produce what?
red or white wines at village or premier cru level
290
What are othervillage AOPs in Côte de Beaune?
Chorey-lès-Beaune, Savigny-lès-Beaune, Auxey-Duresses, St-Romain, St-Aubin, Monthélie, Santenay, and Maranges.
291
What are the only 2 villages that are bereft of premier crus?
St-Romain and Chorey-lès-Beaune
292
Name the grand crus of the Cote de Beaune
```
Corton
Corton-Charlemagne
Charlemagne
Montrachet (shared between Puligny and Chassagne)
Bâtard-Montrachet (shared between Puligny and Chassagne)
Chevalier-Montrachet
Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet
Montrachet
Bâtard-Montrachet
Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet
```
293
Name the grand crus shared by Aloxe-Corton, Ladoix-Serrigny and Pernand-Vergelesses
Corton
Corton-Charlemagne
Charlemagne
294
Name the grand crus in Puligny-Montrachet
Montrachet (shared w/ Chassagne)
Bâtard-Montrachet (shared w/ Chassagne)
Chevalier-Montrachet
Bienvenues-Bâtard-Montrachet
295
Name the grand crus in Chassagne-Montrachet
Montrachet (shared w/ Puligny)
Bâtard-Montrachet (Shared w/ Puligny)
Criots-Bâtard-Montrachet
296
What is Chablis actually closer to than the rest of Burgundy?
actually closer to Champagne's Côte des Bars than to the Côte d'Or.
297
What are the four Chablis AOPs?
Petit Chablis, Chablis, Chablis Premier Cru, and Chablis Grand Cru
298
What are the 4 Chablis AOPs restricted to?
producing only whites, exclusively made from Chardonnay.
299
What are Chablis' 7 Grand Cru vineyards?
Les Clos, Vaudésir, Valmur, Les Preuses, Blanchot, Bougros, and Grenouilles.
300
What is the respective expansion in weight for Chablis from Petit to Grand?
required minimum alcohol increases from 9.5% for Petit Chablis to 11% for Chablis Grand Cru
301
What are the principal considerations for cru designation in Chablis?
Soil and aspect
302
Where are the Grand Cru vineyards of Chablis?
occupy a single southwestern-facing hillside north of the town of Chablis itself
303
Why is aspect so important in Chablis?
In such a cool northerly climate, vineyards on south-facing slopes have the advantage of added warmth.
304
Name some of the better Premier Cru vineyards and what they hold
Montée de Tonnerre, Fourchaume, Montmains, Mont de Milieu—have similar prized southern exposure.
305
What Two soil types dominate Chablis?
Kimmeridgian and Portlandien
306
What do the two soil types of Chablis share?
Both are a mixture of limestone and clay, containing marine fossil layers.
307
Where is Kimmeridgian limestone found and why?
Kimmeridgian limestone was formed in an older era and is highly regarded as the better soil for the grape. Thus, all of the Grand Cru vineyards are planted on Kimmeridgian soils.
308
Where is Portlandien soil restricted to mostly?
Areas of Portlandien soils were once relegated to Petit Chablis AOP production, but controversial vineyard expansion in the latter decades of the 20th century has downplayed this distinction
309
What are Chablis wines like?
Renowned for their high acidity and intensely mineral, steely character, the finest Chablis wines are austere in their youth but rewarding with age.
310
What sets some producers apart from others in winemaking?
While many estates keep their wines in stainless steel, some choose to employ new or neutral oak in a style reminiscent of the Côte d'Or. The use of new barrels has galvanized many producers of Chablis, creating a clear distinction in style.
311
What are two other communal appellations of the Yonne département?
Irancy AOP & St-Bris AOP
312
Describe St-Bris AOP
elevated from VDQS in 2003, for white wines produced from Sauvignon Blanc and Sauvignon Gris.
313
Describe Irancy AOP
The red wines of Irancy AOP are light, based on Pinot Noir, César, and Pinot Gris, and are suitable for drinking young.
314
What is the unofficial "8th" grand cru of Chablis?
la Moutonne
315
What is the unofficial 8th grand cru in Chablis comprised of?
comprised of parcels of both Les Preuses and Vaudésir, and a monopole of Domaine Long-Depaquit
316
Name some of the major producers of Blanchot
François Servin, François Raveneau
317
name some of the major producers of Bougros
William Fèvre, Thierry Mothe, Guy Robin, François Servin
318
What two bottlings does William Fèvre hold in Bougros?
"Bougros" and "Côte Bouguerots"
319
name some of the major producers of Grenouilles
La Chablisienne (Château de Grenouilles), Philippe Testut, Benoît Droin, Louis Michel
320
name some of the major producers of Les Clos
Christian Moreau, Pinson, Domaine Drouhin-Vaudon, Vincent Dauvissat, Benoît Droin, François Servin, François Raveneau, Billaud-Simon, Louis Michel
321
name some of the major producers of Les Preuses
La Chablisienne, Vincent Dauvissat, Jean et Sébastien Dauvissat, Billaud-Simon
322
name some of the major producers of Valmur
Jean-Claude Bessin, Guy Robin, Christian Moreau, François Raveneau
323
name some of the major producers of Vaudésir
Christian Moreau, Alain Besson, Gérard Tremblay, Louis Michel
324
What two bottlings does Christian Moreau hold in Les Clos?
"Les Clos" and "Clos des Hospices"
325
Which Grand Cru of Chablis is the largest?
Les Clos, 25.87 ha
326
Which Grand Cru of Chablis is the smallest?
Grenouilles, 9.38 ha
327
When was Chablis Grand Cru AOP est?
AOC Established: 1938
328
describe growers & farmers and their métayage or fermage arrangements
growers themselves were often bourgeoisie, who leased the land in turn to farmers in métayage (sharecropping) or fermage (leasing) arrangements.
329
How does Maison Faively differ from other negociants?
the Nuits-St-Georges négociant Maison Faiveley sources nearly 80% of its fruit from the family domaine
330
Name some newer negociants and their method
newer négociants such as Remoissenet and Lucien le Moine are commanding domaine prices for miniscule output
331
What good houses offer both domaine and negociant production?
Domaine Leroy, Dujac, and Olivier Leflaive, offer both domaine and négociant production, often handled identically in the winery.
332
What marks the northern end of the Côte de Nuits?
The city of Dijon, capital of the Côte d'Or département
333
What lies some 50 miles to the northwest of Dijon?
in the Yonne département, lie the communes of Chablis, Auxerre, Irancy, and St-Bris.
334
What villages lie to the south of the Côte de Beaune?
Côte Chalonnaise and the Mâconnais
335
What lies in the Rhône département, but are generally considered part of Burgundy?
Beaujolais and the Coteaux du Lyonnais
