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Burgundy Flashcards

1
Q

T/F - Burgundy focuses on the soil and
vineyard, rather than the estate as the source of its
quality.

A

True

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2
Q

What did the Napoleonic Code (1804) do to land in Burgundy?

A

Divided all land equally between male heirs. Land was fractured again and again through the generations

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3
Q

Major Burgundy grapes (2 red, 2 white)

A

Red - Pinot Noir, Gamay
White - Chardonnay, Aligoté

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4
Q

Minor Burgundy grapes (2 white, 3 virtually extinct reds)

A

White - Pinot Blanc, Beurot (Pinot Gris)
Red - César, Tressot, and Sacy

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5
Q

Burgundy winemaking styles

A

dry red, dry white, rose, dry to semi-dry sparkling whites and roses, dry sparkling red

sweet wined rarely, do not fall under an AOP

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6
Q

Burgundy location

A

central/eastern France

northwest of the Alps and 175 miles from Paris

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7
Q

Major Burgundy rivers or bodies of water

A

Saône River (a tributary of the Rhône)

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8
Q

Burgundy major regions (5 north to south)

A

Chablis
Côte d’Or
Côte Chalonaise
Mâconnais
Beaujolais

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9
Q

Burgundy generic AOPs and vinification in those AOPs

A

Bourgogne AOP (red, white, and rose)

Cremant de Bourgogne (traditional method sparkling)

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10
Q

Burgundy climate

A

Continental with dry, warm summers, and cold, dry winters

Rains come in Spring and Fall with frost being an issue in both seasons

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11
Q

Burgundy general soil types (4) and landscape/aspect

A

Chalk, calcareous clay, marl, limestone

Rolling hills, best vineyards on east/southeast hillsides
Best chardonnay grows in limestone in Chablis

Beaujolais: granite

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12
Q

About how many years of Burgundy winemaking history?

A

2,000 years

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13
Q

Benedictine Order in Cluny, Burgundy, promoted winemaking in what centuries?

A

10th and 11th centuries

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14
Q

Who continued purchasing land and making wine in the 12th century?

A

Cistercians

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15
Q

1363-1477: what did the Valois dukes including Philippe the Bold order creating an industry out of wine?

A

ordered all Gamay ripped up in preference to Pinot Noir

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16
Q

1790s: what happened to land owned by the clergy and noblemen after the French Revolution?

A

the land was auctioned off

this started private ownership of vineyards in Burgundy

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17
Q

18th Century: the rise of the __________ to handle the making and marketing of wines.

A

Negociants

Either because families held too little land to be profitable or because they had other
careers within the community. They controlled much of Burgundy until the 1920s after
WWI.

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18
Q

Métayage definition

A

sharecropping

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19
Q

Fermage definition

A

leasing

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20
Q

Clos definition

A

plot of vineyard land traditionally surrounded by dry-stone walls

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21
Q

Monopole definition

A

parcel of land with single ownership

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22
Q

Who created the first classification of Burgundy’s vineyards?

A

Dr. Jules Lavalle

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23
Q

What is a Domaine and when did they begin bottling in earnest?

A

Private owners, 1920s

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24
Q

Burgundy classification tiers from highest to lowest (4) and about how many wineries in each %

A

Grand Cru (33-40, about 2%)

Primer Cru (550-600, about 12%)

Village (30%)

Regional appellations (56% or rest of the total production)

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25
Q

What are Burgundian wines traditionally aged in?

A

228 liter French oak

Red wines usually see more new barrel use
Whites typically use neutral oak

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26
Q

Average new oak % per Burgundy classification (high to low)

A

Grand Cru: 50-100% new oak
Each one is a single vineyard with its own AOP and restrictions
Label the bottle with only the vineyard name, not a village

Primer Cru: 30-50% new oak
Both village and vineyard names will be on the label
Different primer crus can be blended and called a primer cru, but no vineyard name on the label

Village: neutral to 20-30% new oak

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27
Q

Malolactic fermentation for reds and whites?

A

All reds
Most whites

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28
Q

How many months in oak? red and white top wines

A

White: 12-15 months

Red: 15-18 months

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29
Q

What are two ways producers can control tannin levels?

A

Whole cluster fermentation for more tannin
Destem grapes for less

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30
Q

Bâtonnage definition

A

stirring the lees back into the wine

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31
Q

What happens if two grand crus are blended?

A

Either claim one of the grand crus designations or declassify to any level below

If a grand cru and primer cru are blended, it will be declassified to a basic primer cru label

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32
Q

Major Burgundy villages/cities/boundaries from north to south (6)

A

Dijon
Nuits-St.-Georges
Beaune
Châlon-sur Sâone
Mâcon
Lyon

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33
Q

Chablis location

A

Northernmost region in Burgundy
80 miles north of Cote d’Or

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34
Q

Chablis climate

A

Cool continental
Susceptible to late frosts

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35
Q

Chablis soil

A

Kimmeridgian clay and limestone

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36
Q

Chablis grape varieties (1) and what kind of flavors

A

100% chardonnay

Crisp, minerally flavors

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37
Q

Chablis viticultural climate risks

A

Late frosts, weather can get to freezing

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38
Q

Chablis vinification

A

No oak on lower tier wines, occasional use on upper tier
Malolactic fermentation

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39
Q

Why does Chablis practice malolactic fermentation?

A

To reduce the high acidity produced by cool climate

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40
Q

Chablis AOP hierarchy (4)

A

Chablis AOP
Petit Chablis AOP
Chablis Premier Cru AOP
Chablis Grand Cru AOP

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41
Q

Chablis Premier Cru number of individual vineyards

A

40

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42
Q

Chablis Premier Cru popular vineyards (6)

A

Montée de Tonnerre
Fourchaume
Butteaux
Fôrets
Montmains
Vaillons

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43
Q

What is a lieu-dit?

A

Specific vineyard with a name or “location”

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44
Q

Chablis Grand Cru lieu-dits (7)

A

Blanchot
Bourgros
Grenouilles
Les Clos
Preuses
Valmur
Vaudesir

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45
Q

Chablis Grand Cru lieu-dits aspect

A

Southwest

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46
Q

Common Chablis flavor descriptor

A

gunflint

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47
Q

Cote d’Or length (north to south)

48
Q

Cote d’Or best vineyard aspect

A

east / southeast

49
Q

Cote d’Or vinification (oak, lees aging, ML, whole cluster fermentation?)

A

oak usage
lees aging and stirring
malolactic fermentation
whole cluster fermentation

50
Q

Cote d’Or sub regions (2)

A

Côte de Nuits and Cote de Beaune

51
Q

Côte de Nuits topography

A

hillsides and ridges

52
Q

Côte de Nuits climate

A

continental

53
Q

Côte de Nuits grapes (1 major, 1 minor)

A

pinot noir 80% world class
20% chardonnay or rose

54
Q

Côte de Nuits soil

A

marl and limestone

55
Q

Côte de Nuits vinification

A

French oak, often new
Some use of whole grape clusters, some de stem

56
Q

Côte de Nuits AOP hierarchy (5)

A

Regional AOP
Côte de Nuits Villages AOP
Village AOP
Premier Cru AOP
Grand Cru AOP

57
Q

Côte de Nuits Villages (9 AOPs)

A

Marsannay
Fixin
Gevrey-Chambertin
Morey-St. Denis
Chambolle-Musigny
Vougeot
Vosne-Romanée
Flagey-Echezeaux
Nuits-Saint-Georges

58
Q

How many Premier Crus are there in Côte de Nuits?

59
Q

Most important Premier Crus of Côte de Nuits (5-10)

60
Q

How many of the 33 Grand Crus of Burgundy are located in Côte de Nuits? How many of those produce red and how many white?

A

24 of the 33

23 produce red, only 1 white

61
Q

Gevrey-Chambertin Grand Crus (8 name as many)

A

Le Chambertin
Clos de Beze
Chappelle
Charmes
Griotte
Latricieres
Mazis
Ruchottes

62
Q

Morey St. Denis Grand Crus (5 name as many)

A

Clos de Tart
Clos de la Roche
Clos des Lambrays
Clos St. Denis
Bonnes-Mares (shared)

63
Q

Chambolle-Musigny Grand Crus (2)

A

Bonnes-Mares (shared)
Le Musigny

64
Q

Vougeot Grand Cru (1)

A

Clos de Vougeot

65
Q

Vosne-Romanee Grand Crus (6 name as many)

A

La Tache
La Romanee
Romanee Conti
Romanee St. Vivant
Richebourg
La Grand Rue

66
Q

Flagey-Echezeaux Grand Crus (2)

A

Echezeaux
Grands Echezeaux

67
Q

What is the only white Grand Cru in the Cote de Nuits?

A

Chambolle-Musigny

68
Q

Côte de Beaune climate

A

Continental
Wide range of mesoclimates

69
Q

Côte de Beaune soil (2 main types)

A

Limestone and marl

70
Q

Côte de Beaune grapes (2)

A

Chardonnay (mainly) and some pinot noir

71
Q

Côte de Beaune vinification

A

new oak used for reds and whites

72
Q

Côte de Beaune AOP hierarchy (4)

A

Regional AOP - Bourgogne AOP
Village AOP
Premier Cru AOP
Grand Cru AOP

73
Q

Côte de Beaune major villages (7)

A

Aloxe-Corton
Beaune
Pommard
Volnay
Meursault
Puligny-Montrachet
Chassagne-Montrachet

74
Q

Côte de Beaune total villages (20) do we need to know all?

A

Aloxe Corton
Auxey-Duresses
Beaune
Blagny
Chassagne-Montrachet
Chorey-le-Beaune
Cote de Beaune
Cote de Beaune Villages
Ladoix
Maranges
Meursault
Monthelie
Pernand-Vergelesses
Pommard
Puligny-Montrachet
Saint Aubin
Saint-Romain
Santenay
Savigny-les-Beaune
Volnay

75
Q

Most important Premier Crus of Côte de Beaune (5-10)

A

???
hundreds in Côte de Beaune

76
Q

Côte de Beaune Grand Cru AOPs (8)

A

Corton
Corton Charlemagne
Charlemagne
Le Montrachet
Chevalier Montrachet
Bienvenues-Batard-Montrachet
Criots-Batard Montrachet
Batard-Montrachet

77
Q

Côte de Beaune red only villages (3) and white only villages (1)

A

Pommard
Volnay
Blagny

Aloxe Corton almost exclusively red wine, rarely white

White only: Puligny-Montrachet

All other villages produce red and white

78
Q

Hautes-Cote de Nuits and Hautes-Cote de Beaune vinification, location, and elevation

A

Lighter white, red, and rose wine
Located to the west of the Cote d’Or
Higher altitude

79
Q

Côte Chalonnaise location and geography

A

South of Cote d’Or
No protective hillsides

80
Q

Côte Chalonnaise climate

A

Continental

81
Q

Côte Chalonnaise soil

82
Q

Côte Chalonnaise grapes (3)

A

Chardonnay, aligote (small volume), and pinot noir

83
Q

Côte Chalonnaise oak usage?

A

little to no oak for whites and reds

84
Q

Côte Chalonnaise AOPs from north to south (5)

A

Bouzeron AOP
Rully AOP
Mercurey AOP
Givrey AOP
Montagny AOP

85
Q

Bouzeron AOP vinification

A

white wine only, 100% aligote

86
Q

Rully AOP vinification

A

chardonnay, pinot noir, and sparkling wines (Crémant de Bourgogne)

87
Q

Mercurey AOP vinification

A

chardonnay and pinot noir

88
Q

Givrey AOP vinification

A

chardonnay and pinot noir

89
Q

Montagny AOP vinification

A

white wine only, chardonnay

90
Q

Maconnais climate

A

Continental, slightly warmer and drier than the rest of Burgundy

91
Q

Maconnais topography

A

Large area with low-lying hills and flat farmland

92
Q

Maconnais grapes (3)

A

Chardonnay (mainly), pinot noir, and gamay

93
Q

Maconnais vinification (oak use and ML?)

A

Mainly unoaked white
Some oak use in Pouilly-Fuisse

No malolactic fermentation

94
Q

Maconnais AOPs (6)

A

Mâcon
Viré-Clessé
Pouilly-Fuissé
Pouilly-Loché
Pouilly-Vinzelles
Saint-Véran

95
Q

What Maconnais AOP is the only one that allows red, white, and rose production?

A

Mâcon AOP

96
Q

Beaujolais location

A

South of and slightly overlapping Macconais

97
Q

Beaujolais climate

A

Semi-continental

98
Q

Beaujolais grapes (2)

A

Gamayu (mainly), small amounts of chardonnay

99
Q

Beaujolais soils

A

Completely different from the rest of Burgundy

Schist and granite in the north (best sites, great for Gamay)
Sandstone and clay in the south

100
Q

Beaujolais viticulture

A

Hillside vineyards with low yields in the north
Flatter plains in the south

101
Q

Beaujolais vinification

A

Carbonic maceration in stainless steel
Neutral oak

102
Q

What is carbonic maceration?

A

Tank is filled with whole berries under CO2, oxygen free environment
Intracellular fermentation, grapes ferment from the inside

Unique fruity flavors are produced (bubble gum, banana, cinnamon), tannins soften, and color deepens

103
Q

What is semi-carbonic maceration?

A

Whole clusters at the bottom of the thank are crushed, producing CO2 (CO2 is not added) for the grapes on top to ferment intracellularly

104
Q

Beaujolais AOP hierarchy (4)

A

Beaujolais AOP
Beaujolais Nouveau
Beaujolais-Villages AOP
Beaujolais Cru

105
Q

What is the only AOP to allow red, white, and rose production?

A

Beaujolais AOP

106
Q

Beaujolais Grand Cru villages (10 AOPs)

A

Brouily
Cote de Brouilly
Chenas
Chiroubles
Fleurie
Julienas
Morgon
Moulin a Vent
Regnie
St. Amour

107
Q

What is the difference between quality status in Burgundy vs. Bordeaux?

A

Burgundy - based on vineyard site
Bordeaux - status awarded to individual producer

108
Q

Burgundy Premier Cru label

A

Village
Vineyard
Premier Cru

109
Q

Burgundy Grand Cru label

A

Vineyard
Grand Cru

110
Q

Best known fine wine in Maconnais

A

Pouilly-Fuisse

111
Q

Primary grape in the Grand Cru of the Cote de Nuits

A

pinot noir

112
Q

Primary grape in the Grand Cru of Cote de Beaune

A

chardonnay

113
Q

How many Grand Cru in Mersault

114
Q

Which is the largest of all Grand Cru in Burgundy?

115
Q

What are the 2 sparkling wine AOP’s in Burgundy?

A

Cremant de Bourgogne
Bourgogne Mousseux AOC

116
Q

What is the largest village appellation in the Cote d’Or?

A

Gevrey-Chambertin

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